译：了解化学反应的机理可以帮助我们发现以前不知道的环境问题，
CFCs对臭氧层造成的威胁能够正确地预防要得益于大气化学的基础研究。 由此导致了国际上一致同意逐步取消这些产品的生产。而代之以作用相同但 对环境更为友善的其它产品。
译：对环境友善的产品要求有新的原料，它们应是可再使用的，可循环的，或
者可生物降解的。物质的性质是由其化学组成和结构决定的，要减少废品和有污 染的副产品，就要开发新的化学工艺线路，已开发的化学分离技术需要有效地提 高以分离出剩余的污染物，这反过来又要求新的化学处理方法使它们变得无害。
Pollutants such as radioactive elements （放射性元素） and toxic heavy metals that cannot be readily converted into harmless materials will need to be immobilized固定 in inert materials so that they can be safely stored. Finally, the leftover剩余的 pollution of an earlier, less environmentally aware era demands improved chemical and biological remediation（补救） techniques.
译：挥发的碳氢化合物异戊二烯，也就是众所周知的合成橡胶的结构
单元，可以在森林中天然产生含氯氟烃。我们所熟悉的CFCs，在汽车空 调和家用冰箱里是惰性的，但在中平流层内在紫外线的照射下回发生分 解从而对地球大气臭氧层造成破坏。
The globally averaged atmospheric concentration of stratospheric ozone itself is only 3 parts in 10 million, but it has played a crucial protective role in the development of all biological life through its absorption of potentially harmful shortwavelength solar ultraviolet radiation. During the past 20 years, public attention has been focused on ways that mankind has caused changes in the atmosphere: acid rain, stratospheric zone depletion, greenhouse warming, and the increased oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere.
Knowledge of chemical transformations can also help in the discovery of previously unknown environmental problems. The threat to the ozone layer posed by CFCs was correctly anticipated through fundamental studies of atmospheric chemistry, eventually leading to international agreements for phasing out the production of these otherwise useful chemicals in favor of equally functional but environmentally more compatible（相容） alternatives. CFCs：Chloro-fluoro-carbon 氟氯烃
Spent materials Spent catalyst
译：我们怎样才能减少产生废物的数量？我们怎样才能使废
弃物质和商品纳入循环使用的程序？所有这些问题必须要在 未来的几年里通过仔细的研究得到解决，这样我们才能保持 文明和自然的平衡。
Atmospheric Chemistry
Coal-burning power plants, as well as some natural processes, deliver sulfur compounds to the stratosphere（平流 层）, where oxidation produces sulfuric acid particles that reflect away some of the incoming visible solar radiation. In the troposphere（对流程）, nitrogen oxides produced by the combustion of fossil fuels combine with many organic molecules under the influence of sunlight to produce urban smog.
译：全球大气层中臭氧的平均浓度只有0.3 ppm，但它对所有生命体的生
长发育都起了关键的保护作用，因为是它吸收了太阳光线中有害的短波紫外 辐射。 在过去的二十年中，公众的注意力集中在人类对大气层的改变：酸雨、平流 层臭氧空洞、温室现象，以及大气的氧化能力增强。
We have known for generations that human activity has affected the nearby surroundings, but only gradually have we noticed such effects as acid rain on a regional then on an intercontinental 洲际的 scale. With the problem of ozone depletioቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ and concerns about global warming, we have now truly entered an era时代 of global change, but the underlying 基础的 scientific facts have not yet been fully established.
译：产品生命循环周期的每一个阶段都会对环境造成影响。从原材料的
提取，到加工、制造和运输的过程，最后到被消耗和丢弃或回收，每一个 阶段都对工艺学和化学提出了挑战。重新设计产品和过程以减少对环境的 影响需要新的生产原理和在不同的水平层面上理解化学变化。
Environmentally friendly products require novel materials that are reusable, recyclable, or biodegradable; properties of the materials are determined by the chemical composition and structure. To minimize waste and polluting by-products, new kinds of chemical process schemes路线 will have to be developed. Improved chemical separation techniques are needed to enhance efficiency and to remove residual pollutants, which in turn will require new chemical treatment methods in order to render them harmless. Degrade Upgrade
译：前几代人已经知道，人类的活动会对邻近的环境造成影响，但意
识到像酸雨这样的效应将由局部扩展到洲际范围则是慢慢发现的。随着 臭氧空洞问题的出现，考虑到对全球的威胁，我们已真正进入到全球话 改变的时代，但是基本的科学论据还没有完全建立。
Life Cycle Analysis
Every stage of a product’s life cycle has an environmental impact, starting with extraction of raw materials, continuing through processing, manufacturing, and transportation, and concluding with consumption and disposal or recovery. Technology and chemical science are challenged at every stage. Redesigning products and processes to minimize environmental impact requires a new philosophy of production and a different level of understanding of chemical transformations.
译：燃煤发电厂像一些自然过程一样，也会释放硫化合物到大气层中，
在那里氧化作用产生硫酸颗粒能反射入射进来的可见太阳辐射。在对流层， 化石燃料燃烧所产生的氮氧化物在阳光的影响下与许多有机物分子结合产 生都市烟雾。
The volatile hydrocarbon isoprene, well known as a building block of synthetic rubber, is also produced naturally in forests. And the chlorofluorocarbons, better known as CFCs, are inert（惰性的） in automobile air conditioners and home refrigerators but come apart under ultraviolet bombardment in the mid-stratosphere中平流层 with devastating 破坏 effect on the earth’s stratospheric平流层的 ozone layer.