英语语言学大全
1)Arbitrariness(任意 性): 定义:the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 举例: 书, book, livre 喜欢,like,aimer
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语言学分类-按研究内容分
MicroLinguistics sound Phonetics (语音学) Phonology (音系学) word Morphology (形态学) sentence Syntax (句法学) meaning Semantics (语义学) Pragmatics (语用学)
West Slavic group 斯拉夫语西支 波兰语,捷克语
North Branch 瑞典语,丹麦语--
South Celtic group 南凯尔特语支 威尔士语
东支 罗马尼亚语
东支 俄语
Important Distinctions in Linguistics
3). langue(语言) & parole (言语) Theorist:Saussure (索绪尔), father of modern linguistics langue: abstract linguistic system parole: actual realization of langue
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1. design feature of language(语言的定义特征) defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication
2)Duality(二层性): 定义:the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level. 举例: Sounds > syllables > words > phrases > clauses > sentences> texts/discourses
语言学知识点
Mr.Potato
I 语言学导论 II 语言学主要分支学科 III 语言学的流派和理论
I
语言学导论
1. design feature of language (语言的定义特征) 2. Language Families (世界语言分类) 3. important distinctions in linguistics (语言学研究中几对重要的概念) 4. scope of linguistics (语言学的研究范围)
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1) Descriptive (描述性) vs. Prescriptive (规定性) Descriptive: describing how things are. prescriptive: prescribing how things ought to be
Important Distinctions in Linguistics
举例: 汉语系统 langue 每个中国人在不同具体场景中说出的具体话语 parole
Important Distinctions in Linguistics
4) Competence(语言能力) and performance (语言运用) theorist: Chomsky(乔姆斯基) competence: user's knowledge of rules about the linguistic system. performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in concrete situations.
4)Displacement(替代性): 定义:Human languages enable their users to symbolize something which are not present at the moment of communication.
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5) Cultural Transmission(文化传 递性): 定义:language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct. 反例:印度狼孩
语言学分类-按研究内容分
MicroLinguistics sound Phonetics (语音学) Phonology (音系学) word Morphology (形态学) sentence Syntax (句法学) meaning Semantics (语义学) Pragmatics (语用学)
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3) Creativity/Productivity(创造性): 定义:Language can be used to create new meanings because of its duality 举例1:/k/ ,/a:/, /p/---- carp or park 举例2:England, defeated, France England defeated France. France defeated England.
印欧语系下的日耳曼语族,罗曼语 族,凯尔特语族, 斯拉夫语族,伊 朗印度语族
Language family 语系
language group 语族
Language branch 语支
日耳曼语族下分西日耳曼支,东日 耳曼语支,北日耳曼语支
Indo-European language family 印欧语系
语言学分类-按研究内容分
MicroLinguistics sound Phonetics (语音学) Phonology (音系学) word Morphology (形态学) sentence Syntax (句法学) meaning Semantics (语义学) Pragmatics (语用学)
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4. Important Distinctions in Linguistics (语言学研究中几对重要的概念) 1) descriptive & prescriptive 2) synchronic & diachronic 3) langue & parole 4) competence & performance
Computational Linguistics 计算机语言学
语言学分类-按研究导向分
Linguistics
Theoretical Linguistics
Applied Linguistics
Linguistic nature, universal rules
language acquisition, teaching, assessment
Important Distinctions in Linguistics
举例: Don't say X. People don't say X. The first is a prescriptive command, while the second is a descriptive statement.
3. Design feature 定义特征
1)Arbitrariness(任意性) 2)Duality(二层性) 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) 4)Displacement(移位性) 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性) 如何记忆: 五性,创意遗传
语言定义特征
1)Arbitrariness(任意性) 2)Duality(二层性) 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) 4)Displacement(移位性) 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性)
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举例: 研究1800年的英语发音 Synchronic studies (共时性研究) 研究1800-1900的法语语法变化 Diachronic studies (历时研究)
2. 世界语言分类
印欧语系,汉藏语系,南岛语 系,阿尔泰语系,南亚语系
Germanic group 日耳曼语族
Celtic group 凯尔特语族
Roman group 罗曼语族
Slavic group 斯拉夫语族
West Branch 西日耳曼语支 英语,德语
North Celtic group 北凯尔特语支 爱尔兰语,盖尔语
West Roman Group 西罗曼语支 法语,西班牙语等
Macro-linguistics
Language & Society
Language & Mind
Language & Culture
Language & Computer