• Fricatives(擦音) ：when the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through a narrow passage in the mouth with friction, the speech sound thus produced is a fricative. • The English fricatives produced include [f][v][s][z] [ʃ] [ʒ] [θ] [ð ] [h]. •
Consonants
• Velar(软腭音): • the obstruction is created between the back of the tongue and the velum, or the soft palate. • The velar sounds are [k][g] [ŋ] • Glottal(喉音): • The vocal cords are brought momentarily together to produce the glottal sound [h]
Exercise 1
• Our vicar is always raising money one cause or another, but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired. The big clock which used to strike the hours day and night was damaged many years ago and has been silent ever since. One night, however, our vicar woke up with a start: the clock was striking the hours! Looking at his watch, he saw that it was one o'clock, but the bell struck 13 times before it stopped. Armed with a torch, the vicar went up into the clock tower to see what was going on.
Super-segmental features(超切分特征)
• Stress, including both word and sentence stress. • Tone languages: in some languages the pitches of words can make a difference in their meaning. Such languages are called tone languages. English is not a tone language, but Chinese is.
English consonants
• Affricates (塞擦音):when the obstruction, complete at first, is released slowly with friction resulting from partial obstruction as in fricatives, the sounds thus produced are affricates. • The English affricates are [tʃ] [dʒ]
English consonants
• Liquids(流音): • when the airflow is obstructed but is allowed to escape through the passage between part (s) of the tongue (the sides or the tip) and the roof of the mouth, the sounds thus produced are liquids . The liquids in English are [l]and [r].
Consonants, place in the mouth
• Alveolar (齿龈音): • The tip of the tongue is brought into contact with the upper teeth-ridge to create the obstruction. The alveolar sounds are [t][d][n][s][z][l][r] • Palatal(腭音): • the back of the tongue is brought into contact with the hard palate. The palatal sounds are [ʃ ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ][j]
Exercise 2
• Some time ago, an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean island of Kea. An American team explored a temple which stands in an ancient city on the promontory of Ayia Irini. The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization. Houses, often three storeys high, were built of stone. They had large rooms with beautifully decorated walls. The city was even equipped with a drainage system, for a great many clay pipes were found beneath the narrow streets.
Place in the mouth
• Bilabial (or simply labial) (双唇音): • The lips are brought together to create the obstruction. The bilabial are [p][b][m][w] • Dental (齿音)： • The lip of the tongue is brought into contact with the upper teeth to create the obstruction. The dental sounds are [θ] [ð ]
Intonation
• Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language. Three tones are frequently used in English: the falling tone, the rising tone, and the fall-rise tone, e.g. : • That’s not the one he wants.
Linguistics and translation
Lecture 4
Speech organs
Vowels and consonants
Classification of the English consonants
The English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation (发音方法） and also in terms of place of articulation （发 音部位）。
Exercise 1
• In the torchlight, he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkins, our local grocer. “Whatever are you doing up here Bill?” asked the vicar in surprise. “I'm trying to repair the bell,” answered Bill. “I've been coming up here night after night for weeks now. You see, I was hoping to give you a surprise.” “You certainly did give me a surprise!” said the vicar. “You've probably woken up everyone in the village as well. Still, I'm glad the bell is working again.” “That's the trouble, vicar,” answered Bill. “It's working all right, but I'm afraid that at one o'clock it will strike 13 times and there's nothing I can do about it.” “We'll get used to that Bill,” said the vicar. “13 is not as good as one but it's better than nothing. Now let's go downstairs and have a cup of tea.”