语用学级期末复习思考题I. Put the following English terms into Chinese. (1'×10＝10')所指对象referent所指论Referential theory专有名词 proper name普通名词 common nouns固定的指称记号 rigid designators指称词语deixical items确定性描述语definite descriptions编码时间 coding-time变异性variability表示反复的词语 iterative表述句 constative补救策略redressive strategies不可分离性 non-detachability不确定性indeterminacy不使用补救策略，赤裸裸地公开施行面子威胁行bald on record without redressive actions 阐述类言语行为 representatives承诺类言语行为 commissives指令类言语行为directives表达类言语行为expressives,宣告类言语行为declarations诚意条件 sincerity condition次要言外行为 secondary illocutionary act等级含义 scalar implicature等级划分法 rating scales副语言特征 paralinguistic features非公开施行面子威胁行为 off record非规约性non-conventionality非规约性意义 non-conventional implicature非论证性的 non-demonstrative非自然意义non-natural meaning (meaning-nn)否定测试法negation test符号学 semiotics构成性规则 constitutive rules古典格莱斯会话含义理论 Classical Gricean theory of conversational implicature关联论Relevance Theory关联原则Principle of Relevance归属性用法 attributive use规约性含义conventional implicature人际修辞 interpersonal rhetoric篇章修辞textual rhetoric含蓄动词 implicative verbs合适条件 felicity conditions呼语 vocatives互相显映 mutually manifest会话含义 conversational implicature话语层次策略 utterance-level strategy积极面子positive face间接言语行为 indirect speech acts间接指令 indirect directives结语 upshots交际意图communicative intention可撤销性 cancellability可废弃性 defeasibility可推导性 calculability跨文化语用失误cross-cultural pragmatic failure跨文化语用学cross-cultural pragmatics命题内容条件 propositional content condition面子保全论 Face-saving Theory面子论 Face Theory面子威胁行为 Face Threatening Acts (FTAs)蔑视 flouting明示 ostensive明示－推理模式ostensive-inferential model摹状词理论Descriptions粘合程度 scale of cohesion篇章指示 discourse deixis前提 presupposition前提语 presupposition trigger强加的绝对级别absolute ranking of imposition确定谈话目的 establishing the purpose of the interaction确定言语事件的性质 establishing the nature of the speech event 确定性描述语 definite descriptions认知语用学 cognitive pragmatics上下文 co-text社会语用迁移sociopragmatic transfer社交语用失误 sociopragmatic failure施为句 performative省力原则 the principle of least effort实情动词 factive verbs适从向 direction of fit手势型用法 gestural usage首要言外行为 primary illocutionary act双重或数重语义模糊 pragmatic bivalence/ plurivalence顺应的动态性 dynamics of adaptability顺应性adaptability语境关系的顺应(contextual correlates of adaptability)、语言结构的顺应(structural objects of adaptability)、顺应的动态性(dynamics of adaptability)和顺应过程的意识程度(salience of the adaptation processes)。

说话人经济原则speaker’s economy损－惠等级cost-benefit scale所表达的心理状态 expressed psychological state所指 reference所指对象 referent特殊性会话含义particularized conversational implicature条件性的双重言外行为 conditional bivalent illocutionary act调节性规则 regulative rules投射问题projection problem推理论 inference theory推理模式 inferential model文学语用学 literary pragmatics问卷调查 questionnaire习语论 idiom theory显性施为句 explicit performatives显映 manifest限定语篇长度策略 space-making strategies相对权势 relative power相邻对 adjacency pair象征型用法 symbolic usage小句含义 clausal implicature协商性negotiability新格莱斯会话含义理论Neo-Gricean pragmatic theories of conversational implicature 新格莱斯语用学机制 Neo-Gricean pragmatic apparatus心理表征mental representation信息意图 informative intention行事动词 performative verb宣告类言语行为 declarations言后行为 perlocutionary act言内行为 locutionary act言外行为 illocutionary act言外之的 illocutionary point言外之力 illocutionary force言外之力显示手段 illocutionary force indicating devices (IFIDs)言语事件 speech events言语行为 speech act一般性会话含义 generalized conversational implicature意义 sense因果的、历史的所指论 Causal or Historical Chains Theory隐性施为句 implicit performatives优先结构 preference structure语际语语用学 interlanguage pragmatics语境 context语境关系的顺应contextual correlates of adaptability语码模式 code model语篇标示 discoursal indicator语篇性语用模糊 discoursal ambivalence语言顺应论 Adaptation Theory语言结构的顺应structural objects of adaptability语言能力 linguistic competence语义学semantics语用模糊 pragmatic ambivalence语用能力 pragmatic competence语用迁移 pragmatic transfer语用失误pragmatic failure语用语言迁移 pragmalinguistic transfer语用语言失误 pragmalinguistic failure语用语言学 pragmalinguistics与事实相反的条件句counterfactual conditionals蕴涵、推涵、衍推 entailment期待的第二部分preferred second part预先的元语用评论语 prospective MPCs再表述 reformulations指号 designator指令类言语行为 directives追溯性的元语用评论 retrospective MPCs指示投射 deictic projection指示语/指示性词语 deictic expressions指示性用法 referential use指示中心 deictic center准备条件 preparatory condition着重受话人的元语用评论addressee-oriented metapragmatic comments ( A-MPCs) 着重说话人的元语用评论 speaker-oriented metapragmatic comments (S-MPCs)自然意义 natural meaning自我中心性 egocentricity最大关联 maximal relevance最佳关联 optimal relevance配对比较paired comparison卡片分类card sorting等级划分rating scales开放性面谈open interview引发法elicitationII. Fill in the blanks with a proper word or words. (2'×10＝20')1. How did Morris distinguish three aspects of semiotic inquiry?The use of the term is usually attributed to two American philosophers C. Morris and R. Carnap, who first introduced the term ‘pragmatics’ in their study of semioticsin the 1930s. Morris distinguished three aspects of semiotic inquiry, i.e. syntactics (or syntax), being the study of the ‘formal relation of signs to one another’, semantics, the study of the ‘relation of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable, and pragmatics, the study of ‘the relation of signs to interpreters.’2. What are the two most important notions in Pragmatics?3. How does P. Grice distinguish meanings?The American philosopher P. Grice distinguishes between what he calls natural meaning (meaning-n) and non-natural meaning (meaning-nn). The two terms parallel ‘sentence meaning’ and ‘speaker meaning’.4. What distinction did Frege make in 1952?The German philosopher Frege (1952) is generally credited with the distinction between the reference of a linguistic expression, ‘that to which the sign refers’, and its sense, an interpretation of the sign, provided by the grammar of the language.5. What are the two major philosophical theories about reference?referential theory of names and causal-historical theory6. What are the 2 distinct uses of definite descriptions?K.S. Donnellan (1966:285-286) called attention to what he called the ‘refere ntial use,’ as opposed to the ‘attributive use,’ of a definite description.7. How many types of deictic expressions are there? What are they?Deictic expressions in English are usually classified into five main types: person deixis, spatial deixis, temporal deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis.8. What are the two different uses of deictic expressions?There are basically two different uses of deictic expressions. They are called gestural usage and symbolic usage respectively.12. What are the two categories of utterances did Austin distinguish?Austin distinguished two categories of utterances, which he referred to respectively as ‘constatives’ and ‘performatives.’9. Who made the greatest contribution to Speech Act Theory in the post-Austinian age?Most of the contributions to Speech Act Theory in the post-Austinian age are ascribed to the American philosopher-linguist John Searle.10. What distinction did Searle make about an utterance?Searle made the distinction between the illocutionary act and the propositional content of an utterance.11. What did IFID stand for?According to Searle, IFID stood for illocutionary force indicating devices.12. What are the two types of rules that govern the linguistic communication according to Searle?Searle distinguishes two basic types of rules, i.e. regulative rules and constitutive rules.13. What are the three most important dimensions of variation in which illocutionary acts differ from one another?Based on his criticism of Austin’s classification, Searle presented his taxonomy of illocutionary acts. He first of all specified 12 dimensions of variation in which illocutionary acts differ from one another. The most important of them are the following three: illocutionary point, direction of fit, and expressed psychological state.14. What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts that identified Searle’s taxonomy?It is mainly based on these three dimensions of difference that Searle builds his taxonomy, which identifies five types of illocutionary speech acts: (1)assertives/representatives，(2) directives，(3) commissives，(4) expressives，(5) declarations.15. What did Jenny Thomas think of indirect language as?Compared with direct language, indirect language is ‘costly and risky.’16. Searle believed that in performing indirect speech acts, there exist two speech acts. What are they?In performing indirect speech acts, two speech acts instead of one are involved,i.e. primary illocutionary act and secondary illocutionary act.17. What is the implied meaning termed in Grice’s theory.The implied meaning is termed conversational implicature in Grice’s theory. 18. What are the most important properties of conversational implicature?Calculability, cancellability or defeasibility, nondetachability, non-conventionality, indeterminacy19. What do Sperber and Wison apply to language understanding?Sperber and Wison apply cognitive psychology and monetary economics to language understanding,20. What are the two models that Ostensive-Inferential Model base on?语码模式（Code Model）和推理模式(Inferential Model)21. What is relevance defined in terms of?Relevance is defined in terms of contextual effect and processing effort.22. What are the most important notions that Relevance Theory focus on?cognition and communication23. What are the most influential ones in the pragmatic studies of politeness?In the pragmatic studies of politeness, the most influential are Leech’s Politeness Principle and Brown & Levinson’s politeness strategies.24. What are the factors that measure the weightiness of a face-threatening act?The weightiness of a face-threatening act is measured by three factors: social distance, relative power and absolute ranking of impositions.25. What are the two aspects of face according to Brown & Levinson?Brown & Levinson define face as the public self-image of an individual, which has two aspects: first positive face, which represents an individual’s desire to be accepted and liked by others; second, there is negative face, which refers to an individu al’s right to freedom of action and his/her need not to be imposed upon by others.26. What are the five sets of politeness strategies put forth by Brown & Levinson?P. 230 bald on record without redressive actions, positive politeness, negative politeness, off record, and Don’t do the FTA.27. What are the three types of meaning in the course of communication?The meaning that is conveyed in the course of communication falls roughly into three types: the asserted meaning, the implied meaning, and the presupposed meaning.28. What’s the way to tell presupposition from entailment?To tell presuppositions from entailments, semanticists proposed the so-called‘negation test’.29. The study of Cross-cultural pragmatics mainly consists of pragmalinguistics, sociopragmatics and interlanguage pragmatics.30. What is pragmatics parameters?Pragmatics parameters refer to those factors that affect the choice of pragmatic strategies, including social distance, power, size of imposition, and rights and obligations. (P. 253)31. The studies of Interlinguage pragmatics include four aspects: pragmatic understanding, language expression, pragmatic transfer and pragmatic failure.32. What cause negative pragmatic transfer?Interlingual interference, Intralingual interference, influence of L1 literacy33. What are the categories of discourse roles?Thomas has distinguished five different categories of producer of talk: Speaker, Author, Reporter, Spokesperson, Mouthpiece; four categories of receivers of talk: Addressee, Audience, Bystander, Eavesdropper.34. What are the types of pragmatic ambivalence?Thomas and Yu Dongming divided pragmatic ambivalence into four major types: 1) Pragmatic multivalence, 2) Pragmatic bivalence/plurivalence, 3) Conditional bivalent illocutionary act, and 4) Discoursal ambivalence.35. Presupposition is associated with some lexical items or certain syntactic structures, which are thus given the name of presupposition triggers. What do you know about them?A large variety of presupposition triggers in English have been identified. They can be found at the lexical, syntactic, and phonological level.Presupposition triggers at the lexical level:1) Definite descriptions, 2) Factive verbs 3) Implicative verbs 4) Change of state verbs 5) Iteratives 6）Verbs of judgingPresupposition triggers at the syntactic level:7）Adverbial clauses and expressions of time 8）Cleft sentences 9)Structures and expressions indicating comparison 10) Non-restrictive attributive clauses 11) Counterfactual conditionals 12) QuestionsPresupposition can also be triggered off by some phonological means such as the shift of the normal sentence stress.36. According to Adaptation Theory, communicative context consists of language users, the mental world, the social world, the physical world, etc.37. According to Adaptation Theory, the reason why people make choices constantly is that language has variability, negotiability and adaptability.38. GU Yueguo thought that in Chinese culture, politeness included four basic elements: repectfulness, modesty, attitudinal warmth, and refinement.39. Generally speaking, pragmatic research includes theoretical exposition and empirical study.40. In empirical study, people usually adopt observational method which is usually divided into two broad categories: quantitative and qualitative.III. Put the following passages into Chinese. (10'×1＝10') 分值分布根据两段的长短可能比例有变化，但总分不变。