Sentence Meaning Vs. Utterance Meaning • A sentence is a grammatical concept. • An utterance is a sentence is actual use. the meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication.--- it is abstract, decontextualized the meaning of an utterance is actually the speaker's meaning-- It is concrete and contextdependent.
语用语言学 vs. 社交语用学
• 语用语言学关注的是语言本身的语用问题， 研究语言结构及其语用意义之间的关系。 • 比较： • a. Perhaps you could read through this by Friday. • b. Could you possibly read through this by Friday?
认知语用学( cognitive pragmatics)
• 研究语言和心理认知关系， 从认知的角度 研究语言交际，其主要任务是从认知心理 的角度分析和描述语言的理解过程
• Sperber & Wilson (1986/1995) Relevance: Communication and Cognition 提出的与交 际、认知油管道额关联理论是认知语用学 的基本理论之一。
Lecture 1 Introduction to Pragmatics
语用学来源
• The modern usage of the term "pragmatics" was put forward as early in the book "Foundation of the Theory of Signs" by Charles Morris (1938).
语用学的研究分支
• Leech (1983)根据语用学研究的不同取向划 分为：Pragmalinguistics Vs. Sociopragmatics
• Other branches: Cognitive pragmatics Cross-Cultural pragmatics Interlanguage pragmatics Societal pragmatics
语用学与语义学有何区别
• Leech (1983): the problem of distinguishing "language" and "language use" has centereபைடு நூலகம் on the boundary dispute between semantics and pragmatics.
Son: The phone isis ringing Dad, the phone ringing!
I’m in a bath.
ASK: What does the father mean?
语用学的研究内容：分相论 Vs.综观论
• two pragmatic schools:
• 英美学派：分相论--- 将语用学看成语言学的 学科分相之一，关注deixis、presupposition、 conversational implicature、speech act等微 观语用学研究（micropragmatics）； • 欧洲大陆学派：综观论——认为语用学渗透 在语言运用的所有层次，从认知、社会、文 化等角度就语用使用进行宏观语用学研究
界定语用学
• 1. from the perspective of speaker: 语用学是研究说话人意义的学科（Yule, 1966) 语用学研究人们如何使用语言来达到成功 的交际（Kempson, 1977)
• 2. from the perspective of hearer • 语用学研究如何理解人们刻意表达的言语 行为（Green, 1996)
• 5. from a general perspective of language functions: • 语用学是语言各个方面的功能总览，研究 人类生活中语言的认知、社会和文化功能 （Verschueren, 1999)。
Context
• The notion of context was first noted by the British linguistic John Firth in the 1930s.
课程评估
• 出勤 10% 平时作业20% 期末考查70% • 课堂Presentation • 考查为笔试，期末撰写一篇3000字左右的 英文课程论文，检查学生对语用学研究内 容和基本理论的了解，以及就具体语言事 例进行语用分析的能力。
课程内容
• • • • • • • •
Introduction to pragmatics Deixis Conversational Implicature Presupposition Speech Acts Face & (Im)politeness Relevance & Adaptation Application of Pragmatics to English Learning
何为语用学？
• Researchers have different opinions on what pragmatics is and what it studies.
• They all agree that Pragmatics is a newly emergying research discipline in the field of Linguistics. • Pragmatics = a ragbag, a waster-paper basket (in the 1960s and 1970s)
• 3. from the perspective of context • 语用学是研究语境意义（contextual meaning)的学科（Yule, 1966); • 语用学研究话语如何在情景中获得意义 （Leech, 1983)
• 4. from the perspective of dynamic interaction: • 语用学是研究人们相互交谈中的意义 （Thomas, 1995)
推荐书目
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• • • • • • • • • • •
(1) Austin, J. D. How to Do Things with Words. Oxford University Press, 1962. (2) Brown, P. & Levinson, S. C. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge University Press, 1987. (3) Ellis, R. The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford University Press, 1994. (4) Huang, Y. The Oxford Dictionary of Pragmatics. Oxford University Press, 2012. (5) Leech, G. Principle of Pragmatics, Longman, 1983. (6) Leech, G. Pragmatics of Politeness, Oxford University Press, 2014. (7) Verschueren, J. Understanding Pragmatics, 1999. (8) 陈新仁，《新编语用学教程》，外语教学与研究出版社，2009。 (9) 陈新仁，《语用学与外语教学》，外语教学与研究出版社，2013。 (10) 何自然，《语用学与英语学习》，上海外语教育出版社，1997。 (11) 何自然、陈新仁，《当代语用学》，外语教学与研究出版社，2004。 (12) 曾文雄，《语用学翻译研究》，武汉大学出版社，2007。
Morris对符号学的划分
Semantics: relations of signs to objects Semiotics Syntactics: formal relations of signs to
one another
Pragmatics: relations of signs to users
Semantics: What does X mean? Pragmatics: Whad did you mean by X?
Pragmatics Vs. Semantics
• Semantics: meaning in the abstract
• Pragmatics: meaning in the context/use
• 社交语用学更多考察语言使用的社会层面， 譬如语言使用对交际者身份的建构、关系 的表达，或是社会语境因素对语言使用的 制约。 比较： a. Hey, mate, give me a hand. b. Excuse me, Mr. House, could you possibly help me with this?
• What is a context?
• As for pragmatic scholars, without refering to context, linguistic communication cannot be satisfactorily accounted for. e.g. I will come tomorrow. (who? when?) It is cold here. (Where? So what?)