托福写作总结(tony老师)托福考试热点 EnvironmentLessons in lifeModern technologyMass media独立写作的框架：（开头50字，结尾50字，中间分三段，每段80个字。

）Definition1.1HookHistoryImportance1. Introduction ControversyQuotation1.2 Bridge1.3 Main point1.1 Hook常用表达：1. Contrary towhat most peoplebelieve, ( ) arenot a modernconcept.1.11 History2. ( ) have avenerable history,dating back tothousands ofyears ago.3. ( ) have ahistory nearly aslong as humancivilizationitself.4. AncientChinese/ ancientEgyptians/ancient Indians/cavemen( ).Theseactivities can beseen as theearliest forms of( ).1. ( ) beplaying anincreasinglyimportant role in( ).2. ( ) be an indispensable part in ( ).1.12Importance 3. ( ) has/vehadenormous(tremendous) impacts(influences/effects) oneveryaspect(fact) of( ).4. ( ) has/ve evolved into a multi-billion dollar industry.1. Opinionsabout ( )’s effects on ( )have varied.1.13Controversy2. Has created considerable controversy in/among ( ).Native (本土化）1.14Quotation Explanation( sb ),oneofthegreaterandmostinfluential(most brilli ant, fore most) Chine se (philo sophe rs, schol ars, educ ators, think ers, write rs, artis ts, state smen,military,leaders,scientists…)(ofthe20thcentury)remarked(commented,hasputit),“…”. Imagination(M e n ci u s) hi s t o r y is a cl e a r m ir r ohi s t o r y is a b ri g h t la m p, hi s t o risawiseteacher.（Confucius 子曰）具体内容见讲义附录Introduction 除了用hook 之外，还可以用 question (bridge) 的格式来写。

Bridge quotation (hook)Main point MP1.2Bridge的常用表达设问法1.the question is“…”2.（）constantlyfindt h e m s e l v e s c o n f r o n t e d虚拟观点—someeducatorsargueh a t a d ol e s c e n t s a r e e n c o uagetostudymore.1.3Main point 设问法（回答问题）—— I believe the answer is yes (no).虚拟观点——I(dis)agreewiththisopinion,thereasonsareasfollows.2.Body：Sub point 分论点连接词：Logical word: First (to begin with, for starters)SecondFinally (last, but not least)并列：besides, in addition to (prep)In addition, furthermore, moreover (adv)递进：more important, most important, about all (adv)(副词后面不能加名词)转折：but, yet, however让步：although, though, despite, the fact that对比：on the one hand, on the other hand3. Conclusion:3.1 Logical word:All in all, in a nutshell, in summary, in conclusion3.2 ParaphraseMP & gist sentence (排比方式) 讲义上有例子3.3 Final comments:SuggestionQuotation (如果开头用了名人，结尾可以用身边的人)Positive:As (name), ( ), haswisely put it, “make the best of everything.”we should explore its benefits(advantages) to the full extent toserve the best interests of ( ).Negative:As (name), ( ), haswisely put it,“( )”, it is high time (itis imperative) to take effectivemeasures to reduce its negativeimpacts (address the problem) topromote (ensure) the interests (well-being) of ( ).Positive & negative(Name), ( ), has wiselyput it, “everything has its good andevil sides/( ) is a double-edgedsword .” as a result, we should … and,in the meantime, …to…写作细节：1.Main point如何确立？根据题库可将作文题目分成四类：1.1A+-型：一个事物的正负面影响Hook Imp + controBridge Parents and educators findthemselves constantlyconfrontment with thequestion, “are……问题？”A+ MP I believe the answer is yes.A+1 Provide incentivesA+2 Improve on weaknessesA+3ConA- MP I believe the answer is no.A-1 Create excessive stressA-2 Harm all around developmentA-3ConA+>A- MP I believe the answer is aqualified yes, despite somenegative consequences,scores often far morebenefit.A+1A+2A-1A->A+ MP I believe the answer is aqualified no, despite somebenefit consequences,scores often far morenegative.A+>A-/A-.A+；although; despite the fact that; despite.Example:Although/despite the fact that it gives rise to problems and challenges, A brings greater benefits.Despite some problems and challenges, A brings greater benefits.A+- MP I believe the answer is yesand no. scores are mixedblessings.On the one handA+ on the one hand, scoresencourages students tostudy harder.A+1.A+2…On the other handA- on the other hand,scores can have negativeconsequences.A-1A-2…Hook Imp + controBridge 设问A- MP I agree with this opinion.A-1 Harms healthA-2 Impacts learningA-3 Leads to rises in crimesConA+ MP I disagree with this opinion.A+1 Disseminate interA+2 Enhance learningA+3 Improve friendshipConA->A+ MP Basically (Essentially), Iagree with this opinion.Although it offers somebenefits, television has farmore negative impacts.A-1A-2A+1A+- MP I believe television is amixed blession.On the one hand, A+On the one hand, A-Case by case MP My stance should be determined on a case bycase basis.Educational programspromote the development ofadolescents.Case1 Discovery series —scientific facts and theoriesCase2 Family album —language learningInappropriate or indecentprograms have harmfuleffects.Case1 Smoking scene —harm healthCase2 Sex and violence content—commitConExample 78A(1) MP I believe outdoor activities aresuperior.A+1 Enjoy a congenial environment.A+2 Have more physical activities.A+3 Exciting and thrilling. (bungeejumping)ConA(2) MPA+1A+2B-1 Undermine health.A(3) MP Although indoor activities havetheir merits, I believe outdooractivists are superior becausethey have greater benefits.A+1A+2B+1B(1) MP Indoor activities are betterchoices.B+1 ConvenientB+2 ComfortableB+3 SafeConB(2) MP Indoor activitiesB+1B+2A-1 DangerousConB(3) MP Although outdoor activitieshave their merits, I believeindoor activists are superiorbecause they have greaterbenefits.B+1 B+2 A+1 ConCase by case MP The answer to that question should be determined on a caseby case basis.In many cases, outdooractivities are better choices. Case1Case2However, in many other cases,indoor activities arepreferable.Case1Case2MP I believe there are mainly three reasons why people are attractedto dangerous activities.Sp1Sp2Sp3MP I can learn three aspects of a country from watching its movies.Sp1 Learn about the lives of famous people.Sp2 Important historical events.Sp3 Delicious food.目来做Example 06-10-28 renewable resources of energy will soon replace the old resources of MP I believe fossil fuels will be replaced by renewable energyeventually but not soon.A+ Cheaper cleanerB- Expensive pollutionA- UnreliableConMP I believe the answer is qualified yes.A+1 Reduce pollutionA+2 Reduce congestionA+3 Save money for residentsA-1 Impose financial burden on city authoritiesB Other effective opinions lowerctiarges2. Brainstorm SpsConvincingRequirement Developable3 sub points Way 1: Bias (有倾向性的观点)(Convincing, Developable)FactsWay2: Segmentation(Developable, 3Sps)Way3: ConcretionAbstractWay4: Two-side MPOne-sideMP The answer is no.A-1 Judging by looks leads to terrible mistakes about aperson’s content.A-2 Judging by looks is equal to discrimination.A+1 Teach their elders how to use a computer/ skater.A+1 Novels give more freedom for imagination.A+2 Novels are more convenient to read.A+3 Novels are cheaper.Sp1 Relieve loneness.Sp2 Achieve difficult tasks.Sp3 Contribute to democracy.Sp4 Make money.A+1 In some cases dress dose reflect taste and personality.3. Universal sub-point （常用观点）3.1 Cheap:1) Economical2) Cost less /save money3) Relieve financial burdenExpensive:1) Cost a lot2) Impose financial burden附： Direct costsIndirect costs (traveling costs) （间接费用）一次性投入少也有可能expensive: 1）Long-term cost (maintenance costs) (供车)2) External costs (pollution)一次性投入多也有可能Cheap: 1) produce financial gains (增值)2) Contribute to economy3) Provide job opportunities (提供就业机会)3.2 Time saving:1) Fast, expeditionsTime consuming:1) Be a waste of time3.3Safe:1) Reduce the risk ofsuffering.From physical injuries accidents, crime, or financial, losses.Dangerous/risky:1) Heighten the risks of sufferingFrom physical injuries accidents, crime, or financial, losses.3.4 Convenient (1):1) Be convenient touse —be usedanywhere at anytimenot need for specialequipment.Inconvenient:3.5 Convenient (2):1) Be convenient tolive provide easy accessto transportation meansand facilities.Inconvenient3.6Healthy:1) Provide sb withopportunities to engage inphysical activities.2) Promote the physicalhealthy and development ofadolescents.3) Reduce the risks of variousdiseases.Unhealthy: (high blood pressure 高血压;obesity 发胖)1) Decreasephysical activities andmake life increasinglysedentary under mine.(type 2 diabetes 糖尿病)2) Heighten the riskof various diseases.3.7 Healthy (心理)：1) Reduce excessiveemotional (mental,acatiemic) stress andhelp people to relax.Unhealthy:1) Create excessivestress.2) Lead to negativemental and physicalstate (stressed,anxious, depressedfatigued).3.8 Healthy:1) Hygienic(卫生)2) Be free ofbacterium.3) Reduce the risksof contractingdiseases.Unhealthy:1) Be polluted withbacterium heighten therisks of contractingdiseases.3.9 Enhance learning (1):1) Make thelearning process moreefficient andinteresting.Enhance learning (2):1) Improveconcentration and boostefficiency.2) Impede learning3) Distract3.10 Promote all-around development:1) Help people build strongcharacter (persistence, courage,independence).2) Master essential life skills.3) Communication skills,problem-solving skills, organizingskills, leadership)3.11 Add fun to life:1) Serve as healthy means ofentertainment.2) Develop healthy interestsand hobbies.3.12 Foster patriotism:（爱国主义教育）1) Contribute to abetter(煽动者)2) Understanding andappreciation of native culture&history and foster nationalpride.3.13 Promote understanding of alien cultures:1) Contribute to a betterunderstanding and appreciationof distinct alien cultures andhistories.3.14 Establish friendship:1) Meet people of diversebackgrounds, widen one’s circleof friends, and build socialconnection.3.15 Improve friendship:1) Provide topics of commoninterests.2) Keep in close touch withfriends.3.16 Improve family relationship:Estrange family relationship:Decrease quality time spent with family members.3.17Environment friendly (环保)：Have less or zero negative impacts on the environment. Promote sustainable development.Pollution:Lead to various environmental problems.4. Develop topic sentence: (methods) 考虑三个方面因素： Logical40~60 wordsHighlight Example 102:A+1: first, the building of a university improves the local economy.1.I t is because college studentsusually spend huge sums of money inthe community.2.a recent survey, suggests that50% of Chinese college studentslive off campus in rentedapartments.3.L et’s put it in numbers: suppose theuniversity has 20,000 students.The average spending of a Chineseuniversity student is 800 Yuan permonth. Thus, the spending of theuniversity students totals 16millionYuan (about xx dollars) per month.4.i n consequence, the local economywill be improves considerably: 5.a s [ ], [ ], has put it,”students areone of the biggest driving forces ofthe economy.”Example 149：A+1：for starters, separate schools enhance learning for adolescents.1.I n is because in single sex schools,teenagers can concentration 100%on studies.2.S cientific studies have found theconcentration level of students insingle-sex school is 20% higherthan those in coed schools.（引）3.N aturally, students’academicperformances will be improvedconsiderably: better scores/higherchances of going to top universities.Eventually, better jobs and higherincomes.（果）4.i n contrast if teenagers attend thesame schools get distanced sufferdrops in scores.(反)主题句展开方法：1.因：上推原因；2.引：引用例子；3.数：用数字说话；4.果：下说结果；5.反：与原因相反的；6.改：改写前面的话。