An Introduction to British History and Culture
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English History
• Prehistoric England • Roman Britain (43-410) • The Anglo-Saxons and Vikings (450-1066) • Normans and Plantagenets (1066-1272) • Lancaster and York (1272-1485) • The Tudors (1485-1603) • The Stuarts (1603-1714) • Order and Disorder (1714-1837) • Victoria and Empire (1837-1910) • Peace and War (1910-1945) • Contemporary Britain (1945- )
• Generally mild and temperate weather
– allows farming to flourish across the country – North: less fertile land, wetter – South: fertile land, drier
1.2 Early Settlers
• a Roman military and political
leader
• played a critical role in the
transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire
Roman Invasion (55 BC - 410 AD)
• The purpose of the BC / AD dating system
– to make the birth of Jesus Christ the dividing point
of world history
Gaius Julius Caesar
(July 13, 100 BC– March 15, 44 BC)
– Gaelic 盖尔语 : language of Celtic origin
Chapter 2 Roman Britain
Roman Invasion (55BC-410AD)
British recorded history begins with Roman invasion.
– first landing in 55 B.C. led by Julius Caesar
BC—50
1.1 Geography: Some Terminology
Official title
– United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
– British Isles
• including Great Britain, the whole of Ireland, all the offshore islands
1.2 Early Settlers
• New Stone Age , 3500—2500 BC
– Stonehenge 史前巨石阵
• a monumental circular setting of large standing stones surrounded by an earthwork
• Hunters and gatherers
– Old Stone Age (Paleolithic), 70,000—8000 BC – Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic), 8300—3500 BC – New Stone Age (Neolithic), 3500—2500 BC
– complete control over the land in 43 A.D. – leaving in around 410 A.D.
What is the meaning of B.C. and A.D.?
• BC – stands for "before Christ"
• AD – stands for the Latin phrase “anno domini” – means "in the year of our Lord"
Chapter 1 Early England
1. Old Stone Age, 70,000—8000 BC 2. Middle Stone Age , 8300—3500 BC 3. New Stone Age , 3500—2500 BC 4. Bronze Age, 2500—700 BC (Iberians) 5. Iron Age, 700—100 BC (Celts) 6. The Dawning of English History 150
1.1 Geography: Geography and History
• isolated from Europe by the English Channel and the North Sea
• once perceived as being on the edge of the world
• The seas around Britain also acted as barriers against attempted invasions:
– The Armada, 1588; the French, 1805, Nazi Germany, 1940
1.1 Geography: Weather
Stonehenge
In Search of History 00:20 — 01:38
1.2 Early Settlers
• The Celts (Iron Age, 700—100 BC)
– from north-western Europe, ancestors of the highland Scots, the Irish and Welsh