1.表递进，强调除了，此外，而且(句首常用，句中，句尾均可)e.g. The house was out of our price range and too big anyway. Besides, I'd grownfond of our little rented house.(反正这个房子超出了我们的预算范围，而且也太大了。

再说，我已经渐渐喜欢上我们租的小房子了)You get to sample lots of baked things and take home masses of cookies besides.(你可以品尝许多烘烤食品，此外还能带许多饼干回家)I think she has many good qualities besides being very beautiful.(我觉得她除了非常漂亮之外，还有许多好的品质)另外(句首常用)e.g.All teachers are qualified to teach their native language. Additionally, weselect our teachers for their engaging personalities.(所有教师都具备教授其母语的资格。

另外，我们还根据富有魅力的个性来选择我们的教师)此外，而且(句首常用)e.g.Furthermore, they claim that any such interference is completelyineffective.(此外，他们声称任何此类干涉都是完全无效的)此外，而且(句首常用，较正式)e.g. She saw that there was indeed a man immediately behind her. Moreover, hewas observing her strangely.（她看到的确有个男人紧跟在她身后。

而且，他还在怪异地观察着她）尤其，特别(句首，中，尾均可)e.g.In particular, it is struggling to find a growth strategy that will enthusedisgruntled shareholders.Mid-sized companies in particular have added lots of new jobs to fulfill industrial orders.尤其，首先（常放句首）e.g.Above all, he is a good administrator in picking able assistants and laborers.(更重要的是他还是一个优秀的行政管理人员，善于挑选能干的助手和劳动力)2. 表时间先后在…之前（放在名词或名词性短语前）e.g. Hopefully an inter-laboratory standards program will be established prior tofurther studies.（在进一步研究之前，可望建立起实验室之间的标准规划）先前地，之前e.g. Guyana's railways were previously owned by private companies.(圭亚那的铁路先前为私营公司所拥有)He had first entered the House 12 years previously.(他12年前首次进入了众议院)在过去，以前，从前e.g. He had formerly been in the navy.(他以前在海军服役)目前（也可单独放句首）e.g. She is presently developing a number of projects.(她目前在开发好几个项目)目前，暂时，眼下（单词简单又凑字数，最好记到）e.g.For the time being, we will have to use this tool. (就目前来说，我们将不得利用这一工具)Comrade Yang will be in charge of that work for the time being. (杨同志将暂时负责那项工作)同时地e.g.Simultaneously, brilliant and daring sabotage operations were carried out byGreek agents against Axis shipping in the Piraeus. (同时，在比雷埃夫斯，希腊地下工作人员进行出色而英勇的怠工行动来阻挠轴心国的航运)偶尔地，有时e.g. He could occasionally look at her. (他可以时不时地看她一眼)Occasionally we have come up with some moneymaking ideas. (我们有时还出一些赚钱的点子)与此同时，在此期间e.g.In the meantime we pressed on with the airlift. (与此同时，我们加紧进行空运)同时e.g.You needn't worry; I'll be ready to greet them. Meanwhile, I'm off todiscuss the Fowler's party with Felix.(你不用担心；我会做好准备迎接他们的。

在此期间，我会去和费利克斯商量在福勒家聚会的事情)后来，然后e.g. We redeemed the neglect afterwards. (后来我们补偿了这个疏忽)Afterwards she goes to the butcher's and asks for some dog-meat. (然后，她又到肉铺去要点儿狗吃的肉)从那以后e.g. He has been studying hard since then. (从那以后，他学习一直很努力)Since then,the industry has never looked back. (从此以后工业便不断的进步)之后，以后e.g. The salary was ten dollars for the first week and twelve thereafter. (薪水是第一个星期十元，以后十二元)Thereafter he turned into a tiredless advocate of negotiations. (从此以后，他变成一个不屈不挠地鼓吹谈判的人)后来e.g. I'm busy now but I'll do it later on. (我现在很忙，这事我以后再做)Later on she stopped leading a vicious life. (后来,她不再过堕落的生活了)随后，后来e.g. Still he learnt something, by which he was to profit subsequently. (他仍然学到了一些东西，他将来会从中得益的)Subsequently, Thomson withdrew from the company at a substantial loss. (后来，汤姆森退出该公司，损失惨重)2.表对比与…相反e.g.As opposed to gas-liquid systems, there is an interchange of gas betweenbubble and continuous phase in fluidized beds.(与气-液系统不同的是，在流化床中气泡和连续相之间有气体交换)They are the basis of unconditional prophecies, as opposed to conditionalscientific predictions. (它们是无条件预言的根据，而不是有条件的科学预测)相比之下，与…相反e.g.In contrast to their pessimism, I myself was feeling a remarkable euphoria.(与他们的悲观情绪相反，我却感到异常欣快)相反，相比之下e.g.By contrast, advocates of greater growth sometimes argue. (相反，赞成提高增长速度的人有时不这样认为)She seems prettier by contrast with her sister. (她与她妹妹相比似乎更美些)与…相反e.g.Contrary to what people think, I don't get dirty on the job. (完全与人们想像不一样的是干这活并没有把我身上弄脏)This is contrary to actual observation. （这种情况与实际观测恰恰相反）（同上，通常放句首）e.g.By comparison, trips by sea offer a great variety of civilized comforts. （相比较而言，海上旅行可提供各种文明的舒适条件）同上反之，与此相反(较正式)e.g.Conversely, to be genuinely open, a society must be maintained with a fair andjust rule of law along with strict discipline. (相反的，一个真正开放的社会，必须要有公平的法治与严格的纪律)同样地，也e.g. Paul always finishes his work - you should do likewise. (保罗总是能完成他的工作，你应该也一样)Likewise, if you idle around doing nothing, your mind will become dull. (同样地，如果你游手好闲无所事事，那么你的心智就会变得很迟钝)否则，另外，在其他方面e.g. Make a note of the questions you want to ask; you will invariably forget someof them otherwise. (把你想问的问题记下来；否则你准会忘记其中几个)I'm lucky that I'm interested in school work, otherwise I'd go crazy. (幸好我对学校作业还感兴趣，不然会疯的)Otherwise she was at the end of the road. (除此以外她也是山穷水尽了)3.表原因较正式): 因此(= for this reason), 此后e.g. It is very late; hence you must go to bed. (时间已经很晚了，因此你必须睡觉去)由于，因为，归功于，幸亏(后跟名词或名词性短语)e.g.Owing to the help from his comrades, he has made rapid progress. (由于同志们的帮助, 他进步很快)e.g. Her success was in part due to luck. (她的成功一部分是由于运气)由于，凭借e.g. He claim a pension in virtue of his long illness. (由於长期生病，他申请救助金)由…引起，起因于e.g. It is difficult to foresee the consequences that may arise from this action.(预见这一行动可能产生的后果是困难的)This problem arises out of our earlier decision. (这个问题是由于我们早先的决定而产生的)由于，因为e.g.On account of his extravagance he was plunged into heavy debt. (由于挥霍浪费，他负债累累)鉴于，考虑到，由于e.g. In view of the present situation, we'll have to revise our original plan. (鉴于目前的情况，我们不得不修改原来的计划)In view of this, we'll start earlier. （考虑到这点,我们将提早开始）I couldn't go to London in view of the train strike. （由于铁路罢工，我未能前往伦敦）5. 表让步转折尽管如此（in spite of this）e.g.For all this his anger it not turned away, but his hands stretched out still. (尽管如此，他依旧怒气冲冲伸出手来)尽管，虽然不管，无论e.g. Everyone is welcome, regardless of age or sex. (欢迎大家, 无论男女老幼一律欢迎)The idea is a good one irrespective of who may have submitted it. (不论是谁提出的,那是个好主意)即使这样e.g. Here is not the most exciting of places, but even so I was having a good time然后，反之e.g. You treat the matter lightly, whereas I myself was never more serious.无论如何，在任何情况下，不管怎样,总之e.g.In any case, this was a matter for debate, not for war. (不管怎样，这是一个可以争辩的问题，不是一个需要用战争解决的问题)6. 其他一个很好的例子e.g. The “green revolution” in agriculture is a case in point.即，那就是e.g. The railroad connects two cities, namely, New York and Chicago. (铁路连接了两个城市，即纽约与芝加哥)涉及，关系e.g. He is not concerned with the difficulties of the factory at all. (他对工厂的困难毫不关心)Chapter 16 will be concerned with interpretation and geological applications of the data. (第十六章是关于资料的解释及地质应用)…至于，就…而言毕竟本质上，其实，大体上e.g. What is, in essence, the Jorda Effect? (从本质上说，究竟什么是乔丹效应)归结为…, 意味着，结果是e.g. Most of the crimes may boil down to a question of money. （大多数犯罪归结起来可以说都是金钱问题）总体上通常极其重要的，关键的e.g. Time will be of the essence during negotiations. (在谈判中时间是至关重要的)在这/那点上关于，至于，就…而言，在…方面。