I. General Introduction
Enlightenment 启蒙时代 / 理性时代
什么是启蒙运动?
启蒙运动是指欧洲近代资产阶 级上升时期伴随资产阶级政治上 的反封建斗争而展开的反对封建 传统意识形态的思想文化运动。 这一思想文化运动表现在意识形 态领域，就是用资产阶级的哲学、 伦理、教育、文艺和科学反对封 建神学及其传统的封建文化。启 蒙运动是一次进步的理性的运动。 它兴起于法国并同时席卷整个西 欧。启蒙运动是14至17世纪文艺 复兴运动的继续，其目的是用现 代哲学和艺术的光芒来照亮整个 世界。
美国独立宣言
我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的：人生 而平等，造物主赋予他们某些不可被剥 夺的权利，包括生命权、自由权和追求 幸福的权利。为了保障这些权利，人类 才建立政府，而政府的正当权利，是经 过被统治者的统一而产生的。如果有任 何一种形式的政府损害了这些目的，那 么，人民就有权利来改变或者废除它， 以建立新的政府。
The Bill of Rights
The king should not make the law. The king should not collect taxes. The king should not keep army. Roman Catholic or anyone marrying a Roman Catholic shouldn’t become the king.
2. Historical Context
The American War of Independence in 1776 The French Revolution in 1789 The Industrial Revolution in England (1760-1840)
The American War of Independence
II French Philosophy and Literature
The most important forerunners :
Montesquieu孟德斯鸠 Voltaire：伏尔泰 Rousseau 卢梭 Died rot 狄德罗
Montesquieu孟德斯鸠
查理·路易·孟德斯鸠 The jurist Political and social philosopher The first great men of letters 法国启蒙思想家 社會學家 西方国家学说和法学理论的奠基
Major Works
A. Persian Letter
《波斯人信札》
B. The Spirit of the Law
《论法的精神 》
Montesquieu孟德斯鸠
A man should be mourned at his birth, not at his death. 一个人应当在出生时，而不是在临死前 悲泣。 Liberty is the right of doing whatever the laws permit. 自由是在法律许可的范围内任意行事的 权利。
欧洲文化入门（六）
The Age of Enlightenment (启蒙时代)
English Revolution
Enclosure movement Puritan movement Civil War – 1642 Cromwell as Protector – 1649 Restoration of Stuart – 1660 Glorious Revolution – 1688 The Bill of Rights – 1689
The Origin of Human Inequality 《论人类不平等的起源》 Man’s greatest ills are not natural but made by man himself; the remedy lies also within man’s power.
The Origin of Human Inequality 《论人类不平等的起源》
The Confession《忏悔录》
The thirst after happiness is never extinguished in the heart of man. Nature made men happy and good, but society makes him evil and miserable.
人权宣言ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
自由是指有权实施一切无害于他人的行 为。 在法律的面前，所有的公民都是平等的 。 自由交流思想和意见是人类最宝贵的权 利之一。
The Industrial Revolution 工业革命 Marked by the following developments” (1). The introduction of machines which reduced the need for hand labor in making goods (2). The substitution of steam power for water, wind, and animal power. (3). The change from manufacturing in the home to the factory system
1. Enlightenment启蒙时代
The Enlightenment Movement The Age of Reason 理性时代 An intellectual movement Originated in France Supported by the ruling and intellectuaral classes
The first man who, having fenced in a piece of land, said, “This is mine,”and found people naive enough to believe him, that man was the true founder of civil society. 谁第一个把一块土地围起来，说“这 是我的”，而且找到一些头脑简单的人 相信他的话，这位就是文明社会的真正 奠基人 ——《论人类不平等的起源》
Diderot狄德罗
From fanaticism to barbarism is only one step. 从狂热到野蛮，仅是一步之 遥。 Staircase wit. 事后诸葛亮。（下楼时的巧 思，指说完了话下楼时突然 想起了该说的妙语）
III. English Literature
Alexander Pope蒲柏 Essay on Criticism《论批评》 The Rape of the Lock《鬈发遇劫记 》 Dunciad《笨伯咏》、 《群愚史诗 》〈愚人志〉 Essay on Man 《论人 》
Main works
A. Letters Anglaise （letters philosophiques） 《哲学书简》 B. Candide 《老实人 (哲学讽刺故事 )
Rousseau卢梭
Philosopher Author Political theorist Composer His famous words: Man was born free, and everywhere he is in chains “人生来是自由的，但无处不受制约”
The Declaration of Independence:
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.
2. Daniel Defoe
丹尼尔· 笛福 The Journal of The Plague Year 《大疫年记事 》 Moll Flanders 《摩尔弗兰德斯》 Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》
Alexander Pope蒲柏
Why has not man a microscopic eye? For this plain reason, man is not a fly! 人为什么不长显微镜般的眼睛? 理由很简单：人不是苍蝇。 Whatever is, is right. 凡存在，皆合理。 To err is human, to forgive, divine. 人孰无过，恕过者神。
Denis Diderot狄德罗
French philosopher, and a man of letters 法国文学家、哲学 家 「现代百科全书之 父」