第一讲《杀人的道德侧面》这是一门讨论公正的课程,我们以一则故事作为引子:假设你是一名电车司机,你的电车以60英里/小时的速度在轨道上飞驰, 突然发现在轨道的尽头有五名工人正在施工. 你无法让电车停下来,因为刹车坏了. 你此时极度绝望,因为你深知如果电车撞向那五名工人,他们全都会死。

假设你对此确信无疑,你极为无助,直到你发现在轨道的右侧有一条侧轨,而在侧轨的尽头只有一名工人在那施工。

而你的方向盘还没坏，只要你想，就可以把电车转到侧轨上去。

牺牲一人挽救五人性命。

This is a course about justice, and we begin with a story. Suppose you’re the driver of a trolley car, and your trolley car is hurtling down the track, at 60 miles an hour.And at the end of the track you notice five workers working on the track. You try to stop but you can’t, but your brakes don’t work. You feel desperate because you know that if you crash into these five workers, they will all die. Let’s assume you know that for sure, and so you feel helpless, until you notice that there is off to the right, a side track and at the end of that track, there is one worker working on the track. Your steering wheel works, so you can turn the trolley car, if you want to, onto the side track. Killing the one but sparing the five.下面是我们的第一个问题: 何为正确的选择?Here’s our first question: what’s the right thing to do?换了你会怎么做?我们来做个调查。

What would you do? Let’s take a poll.有多少人会把电车开到侧轨上去，请举手How many would turn the trolley car onto the side track? Raise your hands.有多少人会让电车继续往前开How many would go straight ahead?选择往前开的，请不要把手放下Keep your hands up, those of you who would go straight ahead.只有少数人选择往前开，绝大多数都选择转弯A handful of people would, the vast majority would turn.我们先来听听大家的说法，探究一下为何，你们会认为这是正确的选择。

Let’s hear first, now we need to begin to investigate the reasons, why you think it’s the right thing to do.先从大多数选择了转向侧轨的同学开始Let’s begin with those in the majority who would turn to go onto the side track.为何会这样选择?理由是什么? 有没有自告奋勇的Why would you do it? What would be your reason? Who’s willing to volunteer a reason? 你来站起来告诉大家Go ahead. Stand up.我认为当可以只牺牲一个人时，牺牲五人不是正确之举。

当可以只牺牲一人时,牺牲五人不是正确之举Because it can’t be right to kill five people,when you can only kill one person instead. It wouldn’t be right to kill five if you could kill one person instead.这理由不错,不错。

还有其他人吗？That’s a good reason. Who else?人人都赞同这个理由？Does everybody agree with that reason?你来Go ahead.我认为这和9•11的时候是一种情况，那些让飞机在宾州坠毁的人，被视为英雄。

因为他们选择了牺牲自己，而不是让飞机撞向大楼牺牲更多人Well I was thinking it’s the same reason on 9/11, with regard to the people who flew the plane into the Pennsylvania field as heroes. Because they chose to kill the people on the plane,and not kill more people in big buildings.这么看来这条原则和9•11的是一样的，虽然是悲剧，但牺牲一人保全五人依然是更正确的选择，这就是大多数人选择把电车开上侧轨的理由吗？So the principle there was the same on 9/11. It’s a tragic circumstance, but better to kill one so that five can live, is that the reason most of you had, those of you who would turn? Yes?现在我们来听听少数派的意见，那些选择不转弯的Let’s hear now from those in the minority, those who wouldn’t turn.你来Yes.我认为这与为种族灭绝以及极权主义正名，是同一种思维模式。

为了一个种族能生存下来，以灭绝另一个种族为代价Well, I think that’s the same type of mentality that justifies genocide and totalitarianism. In order to save one type of race, you wipe out the other.那换了是你在这种情况下会怎么做？为了避免骇人听闻的种族灭绝，你打算直接开上去把这五个人撞死吗？So what would you do in this case? You would, to avoid the horrors of genocide; you would crash into the five and kill them?大概会吧Presumably, yes.-真的会吗- You would?-对- Yeah.很有勇气的回答谢谢That’s a brave answer. Thank you.我们来考虑一下另一种情况的例子：看看你们大多数的人会不会继续坚持刚才的原则，即”牺牲一人保全五人是更好的选择”Let’s consider another trolley car case and see whether those of you in the majority want to adhere to the principle “better that one should die so that five should live.”这次你不再是电车司机了，只是一名旁观者，你站在一座桥上，俯瞰着电车轨道。

电车沿着轨道从远处驶来，轨道的尽头有五名工人。

电车刹车坏了，这五名工人即将被撞死，但你不是电车司机，你真的爱莫能助。

直到你发现，在你旁边靠着桥站着的是个超级大胖子，你可以选择推他一把，他就会摔下桥，正好摔在电车轨道上挡住电车。

他必死无疑，但可以救那五人的性命。

This time you’re not the driver of the trolley car, you’re an onlooker. You’re standing on a bridge overlooking a trolley car track. And down the track comes a trolley car, at the end of the track are five workers, the brakes don’t work, the trolley car is about to careen into the five and kill them.And now, you’re not the driver, you really feel helpless, until you notice standing next to you, leaning over the bridge is a very fat man. And you could give him a shove. He would fall over the bridge onto the track right in the way of the trolley car. He would die but he would spare the five.现在有多少人会选择把那胖子推下桥Now, how many would push the fat man over the bridge?请举手，又有多少人不会？Raise your hand. How many wouldn’t?大多数人不会这么做，一个显而易见的问题出现了Most people wouldn’t. Here’s the obvious question.我们”牺牲一人保全五人”的这条原则，到底出了什么问题呢？What became of the principle “better to save five lives even if it means sacrificing one?”第一种情况时大多数人赞同的这条原则怎么了？What became of the principle that almost everyone endorsed in the first case?两种情况中都属多数派的人，你们是怎么想的？I need to hear from someone who was in the majority in both cases.应该如何来解释这两种情况的区别呢？How do you explain the difference between the two?你来Yes.我认为第二种情况牵涉到主动选择推人，而被推的这个人本来跟这事件一点关系都没有。