美国农村金融管理中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Rural Finance: The American ExperienceConstruction of the rural financial system the U.S. The basic principle is to provide financial support for agricultural development. After years of development, rural America as a whole formed a multi-level, full range of financial institutions, through government subsidies, the development of rural financial system, increase agricultural production, agricultural loans and various channels such as social, agricultural financing funds to meet the agricultural the development of a variety of financial needs, to provide the financial security of agricultural modernization. Building a new socialist countryside, we must adhere to the development of the rural economy as the center, and developing the rural economy can not do without the support of rural finance.Rural econenomic development of rural finance as the most important elements of the capital allocation system,and its role more and more obvious,rural financial Xingxing is agriculture,rural finance activities,the agricultural activities.Agricultural development from the experience of other countries, both developed and developing countries have attached great importance to rural financial institution building. In some countries the rural financial development better, establish a general policy, including financial, co-finance and rural insurance, including comprehensive, multi-level financial system, establish a fund to support rural development cycle of long-term mechanism, more better support the rural and agricultural development, safeguarding the interests of the majority of farmers. We are on the rural financial system in these countries a comparative analysis of proposed rural financial system and improve the path selection.The rural financial system construction rationaleRural financial theory to the formation and development, has received the modern financial development theories and policies of influence. From developing countries of rural financial theory perspective, the three major genres: agricultural financing theory, rural financial markettheory and recent incomplete competition theory.In the early 1980s, before agriculture finance theories have been rural financial theory of mainstream. This theory is based on that of rural residents, especially poor strata not saving ability, rural is facing fund shortage problem. And because the agricultural output characteristics (income uncertainty, investment long-term and low yield, etc.), agriculture and cannot be a commercial bank's investment object, this makes the rural financial mess up, a large amount of fund outflow. Therefore, it is necessary to rural peripheral infuse policy fund, and establish non-profit professional financial institutions to capital allocation. However, this over-reliance on external funding of rural financial policy has sparked funds, the low efficiency of the low return a series of contradictions, in addition to the rural financial market mechanism of neglect, cause rural financial cycle development the long-term mechanism of difficult to build.In the 1980s, the rural financial market theory gradually replaced agricultural credit subsidies theory. Its main theories, the lack of rural financial capital, not because farmers not saving ability, but due to the rural financial system unreasonable financial arrangements (such as government regulation, interest rate control, etc.), curb its development. Its policies are: to play a role in financial markets, and reduce government intervention, realize interest rate marketization, achieving rural savings and capital supply and demand the balance, Cancel special specific target loan system, the appropriate development of non-formal finance market, etc.Since the 1990s, again appeared imperfect competition market theory. This theory is mainly, and the market mechanism is not everything, for stable financial market for reasonable government intervention is necessary. Imperfect competition market is the representative figure of SiDiGeLiCi that because of the existence of market failure factors, the government in rural financial market a very important role, but the government also cannot replace market, but should become the beneficial supplement of the market. The government of financial market supervision should adopt indirect control mechanism, and according to certain principle establish regulatory scope and standards. Rural financial market is not a completely competitive market, especially the loan party (financial institutions) to the borrower's situation can't fully grasp the, plus rural special cases, financial institutions to control rural system risk, if fully in accordance with market mechanism might not be able to cultivate a rural social needed financial market, therefore, it is necessary to adopt appropriate financial markets, such as government intervention and theborrower's organization etc non-market measures.The imperfect market competition theory the main policy suggestion: one is the precondition of the development of financial markets is low inflation macroeconomic stability; etc. Second, in the financial market development to a certain degree, compared with interest rate liberalization, before more attention shall be paid to the actual deposit interest rate remained at will, within the scope of positive while suppressing deposit rate of growth, if the resulting credit allocation and excessive credit demand problem, can not damage by governments in financial institutions savings from external motivation and mobilization providing funds, Third, it is in the interests of the most basic does not damage the bank, within the scope of the policy finance (facing the specific sectors cheap financing) is effective. The fourth is the government should encourage and use the borrower LianBao group and organizational borrower mutual cooperation forms, in order to avoid the rural financial market existing incomplete information loan recovery caused by the problem of low, The use of security, access and mutual financing guarantee ChuJinHui wait for method, can improve the asymmetric information, Six is financing and real business (such as fertilizer, crop, etc.) of combining the method is effective and can ensure loan recovery, Seven is to promote the development of financial institutions, should give its certain special policies, such as limits on new participants, etc.We think, due to the particularity of agricultural production, agricultural income uncertainty, agricultural investment long-term and low yield and production of dispersion characteristics, leading to the rural financial transaction costs and funds use cost is higher, regular commercial financial institutions generally don't want to find the rural financial market, produced the market leading of failure. Therefore, in the process of building the rural financial system, the government suitable intervention is necessary and effective. From all the evolution of rural financial system view, government intervention in rural financial constructing early indeed plays a very significant positive effects. But the government intervention is not the ultimate goal of financial development, financial system, with the establishment and perfection of government intervention can only more and hinder the development of rural financial market. Especially in some developing countries due to the macroeconomic environment instability, departmental policy trend and widespread laws and regulations sex obstacle government intervention become the bottleneck of rural financialdevelopment. So, in many countries, the rural financial system to really play a role, first needs to grasp "government intervention degree" this problem.American of rural financial systemThe United States is the world agriculture of the most developed countries, this with a complete the rural financial system are inseparable. American building the rural financial system are fundamental principles for agricultural development fund supports. After years of development, the rural America from whole formed a multi-level and comprehensive financial systems, through government subsidy, the development of rural financial system, increase agricultural loans and agricultural production socialization and other channels for agriculture, agricultural development, meet the financing of various funds for agricultural modernization needs, provides funding. American rural financial system belongs to a kind of composite credit model, this model has the following characteristics: one is to provide agricultural credit funds of organizations, both professional rural financial institutions, there are other types of financial institutions. 2 it is in financial organization system, general is cooperative financial institution, policy financial institutions and commercial financial institutions co-existing. The United States has now formed the government leading rural policy finance, rural cooperative financial system and a rural commercial finance system.(a) American policy of rural financial systemAccording to the American agricultural credit law to establish a rational division of labor and cooperation of policy-related finance system that by farmers' living bureau, rural electrification bureau, commodity credit company and small business administration composition. American policy rural financial institutions is by the U.S. federal government leading created, especially for its agriculture development and rural development to provide financing institution. Its main function is for agricultural production and activities related to the agricultural production provide credit funds and service, and through the adjustment of agricultural credit activity production scale and the direction of development, implementation of rural financial policy, the control ofagricultural development scale, etc. These financial institutions funds mainly comes from the government provides capital, budget, loan turnover funds and part, borrowing funds utilization is mainly provides some commercial Banks and other lenders is not willing to provide loans, in loan object on different records.1. To improve farmers' living, improvement of agricultural production for the purpose of peasants living innings. Farmers' living innings of the predecessor is agricultural revitalize administration, the agency not profit-minded purpose, aims to help the poor areas and low-income farmers solve fund shortage problem, its borrower is mainly who cannot from commercial Banks and other agricultural credit institutions of agricultural loans to employees. In recent years, farmers living bureau also become American government to implement the agricultural policy, the main tool. If the U.S. government to rational utilization of agricultural production resources and family to farmers by farmers extend bureau of water conservancy and land improvement loans, time limit can be 40 years. In 1990s, farmers living in state, county bureau set up offices has reached more than 1700, strongly support the development of agriculture. Farmers' living bureau of capital operation is mainly provides loans and guarantee. Farmers' living bureau of loans into direct loan scheme and emergency loan program two kinds, including farm ownership loans, operating expenditure loans, crackage construction loan, water conservancy development and soil conservation loans, etc; Farmers' living bureau is mainly to the commercial Banks and other financial institutions according to the farmers living bureau loan scheme to farmers the borrower loan assure.2. To improve rural public facilities and conditions and the establishment of the rural electrification bureau. Rural community development, the construction of water conservancy, electric power facilities and other relevant rural basic construction issue that needs to be unified planning to address common, countries should give financial support and provide the necessary credit help. Founded in 1935 of rural electrification bureau, is also the usda subsidiary institutions, Its main functions are on rural thermal-power cooperatives and farms the borrower loan to improve rural electrification level. The agency's fund use is also known for loans and guarantee primarily.3. Commodity credit company. In 1933, the U.S. government established commodity credit company mainly in order to respond to natural disasters and agricultural crisis. Commodity creditsto farm because company natural disasters caused the reduction of give subsidies, and agricultural production insurance are similar. Its main function is implementing the administration of price and income support program that price support, control of agricultural production, avoid agriculture production waves to the agricultural producers impact, safeguard the interests of consumers. The fund application forms mainly for providing loans and payment subsidies, mainly including agricultural mortgages, warehousing, drying and other treatment equipment loans, disaster subsidies and price subsidies.In addition, the United States has a kind of policy-based financial institutions - small business administration, is specialized for not from other normal channel gaining sufficient funds of small businesses to provide financing to help. The fund mainly comes from parliament appropriated turnover funds and withdraw the loan principal and interest, etc, the fund is mainly used for issuing direct loans, participate in joint loan and guarantee and other special credit. Small business administration on small farms lending is with peasants living bureau division of collaboration, if small farm borrower economic conditions and bad loans small, then by farmer family bureau fund supports, when small farm borrower economic status improved, the more loan demand by the small business administration provided.(b) American rural cooperative finance systemBenefited from the United States highly developed economic and financial system, American rural constructed comparatively perfect cooperation financial system. In the early 20th century, American agricultural credit financing is mostly by private institutions and individuals with, such credit funds of the quantity is limited, and period is shorter, as the us economy development, the financial system has clearly can not adapt to the needs of the development of modern agriculture. The U.S. government began in 1916 NongDai formulated a series of law, set up by the U.S. government leading NongDai grass-roots organization specialized Banks and credit system. Its main purpose is passed on the agricultural organizations, agricultural development project lending, expand agricultural funds available sources, improving farmers' working conditions and welfare, increases the farmers' income, accelerate the development of agriculture. Initial rural financial cooperation organization are in government leaders and contributed by support built, along withthe national capital gradually introduced, now of the rural cooperative finance has become by farmers have cooperation financial institutions.Now, the rural cooperative finance by federal medium-term credit bank, cooperative Banks, federal land bank and land bank cooperatives three system composition, the three rural cooperative financial institutions are in government leaders and capital support, using a top-down way up. Among them the federal medium-term credit bank is America's most important agricultural credit cooperative system, this system is 1923 by the U.S. government in 12 credit area established 12 families federal medium-term credit bank composition, its main resolving peasants' short-term loans difficult question. Every credit bank credit cooperatives, subordinate many production cooperatives implement shareholding ownership, the borrower must have equivalent to loan sum of 5% to 10% cooperatives stocks or participate in the card. Loan time limit is 1 year commonly, the longest do not exceed seven years. With the corresponding is federal land banking system, this system comprises 12 agricultural credit the federal land bank and its subordinate co-operatives of composition, this system has become the main provider of farmer long-term loans, Federal land ownership, each bank implements shares to federal bank must pay a total of ubcta member borrowing capital of 5%, bank shares shall belong to all the cooperatives all, also indirectly shall belong to all the borrower all, Federal land bank only deal with long-term real estate loans, loan object basically is the individual farmer, loan time limit for legal 5-40 years. Cooperative bank system is designed to give us a acquire equipment, supplementary operating funds, buying goods such as providing loans and the establishment of, it by thirteen cooperative Banks composition, 12 credit district each set up a, still include in 1988 was created in Washington's central bank partner.(c) American agricultural insurance systemAmerican agricultural insurance system is after fumble ceaselessly, development and form. Early American agricultural insurance is by private insurance companies, but due to agricultural insurance risk huge, its management of the crop insurance are ended in failure. In order to help farmers deal with agricultural production risks, the American government has been very active in crop insurance plan. Since 1938 the federal crop insurance law enacted, the American agricultureinsurance after 60 years of development, the formation of a relatively complete crop insurance business, safeguard level and farmer participation rate rise ceaselessly, for stable agricultural production, improving national welfare level played an important role. Existing U.S. agricultural insurance completely by the commercial insurance company management and agent, of course, commercial insurance company will get government in business management fee and insurance premium, support of subsidies, etc. American crop insurance operation of the main points three levels, the first layer for federal crop insurance company (risk), mainly be responsible for the nationwide administration planted terms the formulation, the risk control to private insurance companies, reinsurance support; etc. The 2nd is have management of agricultural risks qualification priate insurers, they signed an agreement with risk administration execution risk administration, and promised to the provisions of article layer is a crop insurance agent and survey nuclear deliberately, American crop insurance agent sales, mainly through specific business, they are responsible for the implementation.Reference Documentation:1:Steven Husted, Michael Melvin, International Economics [M], (the fifth edition), Higher Education Press, 20022:Beck, T., Demirguc-Kunt, A., & Maksimovic, V. 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In The commons in the New Millennium: Challenges andadaptation (pp. 291–334). Cambridge and London: MIT Press.译文：美国农村金融管理模式美国是世界上农业最发达的国家，这与其有完备的农村金融体制密不可分。