名词解释
Syntactic function/ predicate/ performance/ tone/
semi-vowels/ minimal pairs/ intonation/ competence/
proposition/ cognition
Minimal pair, semi vowels, tone, intonation, competence, performance,
predicate, syntactic function, proposition, cognition, conceptual metaphors,
image schemas, hyponymy, endocentric construction, inflection
Minimal pair refers to a pair of words, as pin and bin, or sheep
and ship, differing only by one sound in the same position in
each word
Semi-vowels The segments are neither vowels nor consonants
but midway between the two categories.
Intonation the occurrence of recurring fall-rise patterns, each of
which is used with a set of relatively consistent meanings,
either on single words or on groups of words of varying length.
Tone a set of fall-rise patterns affecting the meanings of
individual words.
Predicate refers to a major constituent of sentence structure in
binary analysis in which all obligatory constituents other than
the subject were considered together.
A language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence.
Performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete
situation.
Syntactic function shows the relationship between a linguistic
form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used.
Cognition In psychology it is used to refer to the mental
processes of an individual, with particular relation to a view
that argues that the mind has internal mental states and can be
understood in terms of information processing, especially when
a lot of abstraction or concretization is involved, or processes
such as involving knowledge, expertise or learning for example
are at work. In cognitive linguistics, cognition refers to the
conceptualization of linguistic structures and patterns.
A proposition is what is expressed by a declarative sentence
when that sentence is uttered to make a statement.
Chapter 1
Design feature of language
Arbitrariness
1. bowwow 汪汪
2. Syntactic level 有句法顺序
3. Convention 约定俗成 为什么树叫树 而不是别的
Duality
1. 底层构建上层
Creativity/productivity
1. duality 不同地层结构可以组成很多上层结构
2. Recursiveness 句子可以无限长
Displacement
1. 不受限制，可以谈论过去/未来，真的/假的
Functions of language
Halliday —— ideational，interpersonal，textual
Informative function 语言用于表达一个概念或内容
Interpersonal function
Performative function （change social status如结婚词，定罪词，表达动作，我让你去关门）
Emotive function 感叹词（damn it）
Phatic communion 寒暄功能（问你吃了吗，并不真的问吃了没）
Recreational function 写诗陶冶情操
Metalingual function 用语言解释语言（词典中，一个词下很多释义）
Important distinctions in linguistics
Descriptive VS prescriptive
尊重语言事实，客观描述
约定俗成的
现在更关注descriptive
Langue & Parole （更倾向于parole）Saussure 提出 （社会角度）
Langue 语言（抽象） parole
从小生活在某个社区影响的语言
Competence & performance （心理角度） Chomsky提出
天生具备的语言能力 依据参数规则转化出所说所写
A knowledge of grammar, to incorporate the pragmatic communicative competence --
communicative competence
Chapter 2
Gesture -- movements of the tongue and the lips
Voiceless consonants-- air can pass through easily
voiced consonants -- airstream causes them to vibrate against each other
Consonants and vowels 区别 （obstruction of airstream）元音不受阻 P32, 33 图 （⚠）
例如： voiceless bilabial stop
Voiced bilabial stop
Voiceless alveolar fricative
Voiceless velar stop
Glottal, palatal, lateral, affricative, approximant
例如：high front tense unrounded vowel
High back lax rounded vowel
Phonemes: refers to a unit of explicit sound contrast; the existence of a minimal pair
automatically grants phonemic status to the sounds responsible for the contrasts.
Allophones 音位变体 「p」「ph」都是/p/的音位变体，且二者为互补分配（complementary
distribution）
Assimilation 同化 （受周边影响）
Nasalization （cap-can）
Dentalization （tent-tenth）
Velarization （since-sink）
Regressive Assimilation （逆同化， 后者受前者影响） progressive Assimilation （相反）
Rule ordering
冠词规则：
The elsewhere condition
The more specific rule supplies first （最特殊的规则最先用）
Syllable Nucleus 一般为元音
Maximal onset principle (MOP) 最大节首原则
如：telling /l/ 划分到节首 (ling 的节首)
Intonation and tone
Intonation-- fall-rise tones
Chinese is tone language.
Tone sandhi 连续变调 你好（你变三声）
Obligatory contour principle (OCP) {identical adjacent elements are not allowed}
Chapter3
Morpheme
Free Morpheme 可以独立存在
Bound Morpheme 不可以
Stem=root+（Bound Morpheme）如：cat 的stem和root都是cat
Root：nature stem：natural
Affix - prefix，suffix，infix（-um-），circumfix（gr- -t）
Allomorphs同位异形体
in-，ir-，im- 都有表示否定，但因为phonological requirement 而区别开
Lexeme 词位
Walk - lexeme； walked，walking - word form
Content words（open class words） and function words（closed class words）
Derivation （lexeme+affix）
Compounding （lexeme+lexeme）
Attributive compound（windmill）wind修饰mill
Coordinative compound （teacher-student）并列
Subordinative compound （truck-driver）左名词，右动词变形
存在（drive变driver）即 synthetic compound； 不存在即root compound
Inflection 曲折构词
曲折词缀主要是表达不同的语法关系或语法范畴，如数、时、格等。（区别于derivation）
Chapter4
Syntactic relations
Positional relation 位置关系
Syntagmatic relations 横向关系 即一句话中词的排放顺序 英语中SVO