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dhcp协议详解


dhcp.md
2020/3/10
Message
Use
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DHCPDISCOVER - Client broadcast to locate available servers. 客户端广播请求,寻找可用的DHCP服务器
DHCPOFFER
- Server to client in response to DHCPDISCOVER with offer of configuration parameters. 服务端返回给客户端的IP地址配置参数
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xid (4)
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+-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
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secs (2)
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flags (2)
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+-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
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Collects replies
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Selects configuration
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|/ DHCPREQUEST | DHCPREQUEST\ |
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Commits configuration
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Message Type ------------
DHCPDISCOVER DHCPOFFER DHCPREQUEST DHCPDECLINE DHCPACK DHCPNAK DHCPRELEASE DHCPINFORM
option 54 用来指明 dhcp server标识,主要用在 DHCPOFFER DHCPREQUEST 报文中。用在 DHCPOFFER 中时,如果客户端同时受到多个 OFFER,那么依据此值来区分服务器端; 用在 DHCPREQUEST 时,用来 告知服务器“我接受了哪个server分配的IP地址,不是这个IP的server就不要再给我分配地址了”
DHCPINFORM
- Client to server, asking only for local configuration parameters; client already has externally configured network address.
DHCPREQUEST - Client message to servers either (a) requesting offered parameters from one server and implicitly declining offers from all others, (b) confirming correctness of previously allocated address after, e.g., system reboot, or (c) extending the lease on a particular network address. 客户端向服务端发送的消息: (a) 表面上是向某一个服务器回复消息进行IP地址确认,暗含的意思是也告诉
|/DHCPDISCOVER | DHCPDISCOVER \|
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Determines
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Determines
configuration
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configuration
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| \________ | /DHCPOFFER
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| DHCPOFFER\ |/
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CODE = 255 LEN = 1 TYPE = padding 数据
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dhcp.md
option 53 用来指明DHCP报文的类型,DISCOVERY/OFFER/REQUEST...
CODE = 53 LEN = 1 TYPE = 1-9
2020/3/10
Value -----
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
CODE = 54 LEN = 4 TYPE = ipaddr
option 51 用来指定分配的IP地址的租期
CODE = 51 LEN = 4 TYPE = 租期(秒)
option 1 用来指定分配的IP地址的掩码,subnet
CODE = 1 LEN = 4 TYPE = ipaddr of subnet
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|/ DHCPACK
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| Initialization complete |
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Graceful shutdown
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| DHCPRELEASE \|
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Discards lease
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v
v
v
各消息类型含义
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2020/3/10
DHCPDECLINE - Client to server indicating network address is already in use.
DHCPRELEASE - Client to server relinquishing network address and cancelling remaining lease.
协议报文格式定义
1. dhcp协议的核心特性在 RFC2131 和 RFC2132 中定义 RFC2131 RFC2131 定义了dhcp协议的格式和规程 RFC2132 RFC2132 定义了dhcp协议的 option 字段的规定,及使用说明。
2. 协议格式
01234567012345670123456701234567
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ciaddr (4)
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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yiaddr (4)
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
option 4 用来指明路由IP,
CODE = 4 LEN = 应当是4的倍数,最小为4 TYPE = 是一个ip list,当LEN > 4 时,表示TYPE 有多个IP
option 6 指明DNS
CODE = 6 LEN = 应当是4的倍数,最小为4 TYPE = 是一个dns ip list,当LEN > 4 时,表示TYPE 有多个dns IP
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
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op (1) | htype (1) | hlen (1) | hops (1) |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
4. option概述
option 格式
Code Len Type +------+------+------+ | CODE | LEN | TYPE | +------+------+------+
option 255 用来作为终止符,当CODE=255 意味着dhcp报文的options部分到最后了。 每个DHCP报文都 应该以此option结束
DHCPNAK
- Server to client indicating client's notion of network address is incorrect (e.g., client has moved to new subnet) or client's lease as expired
... 等等等等, 还有很多option,具体含义可以参考 RFC2132, 这里不再列举
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dhcp.md
DHCP协议流程
图例
Server (not selected)
Client
Server (selected)
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v
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Begins initialization
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file (128)
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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1/6
dhcp.md
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options (variable)
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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chaddr (16)
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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sname (64)
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
其他服务器---我已经选择了其中一个服务器分配的IP (此时报文是广播包) (b) 例如系统重启后,发送REQUESET 用来对自己持有的IP配置向服务器进行
确认 (c)
DHCPACK
- Server to client with configuration parameters, including committed network address. 服务端向客户端发送的配置参数确认消息
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siaddr (4)
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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giaddr (4)
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
dhcLeabharlann Baidu.md
2020/3/10
DHCP协议详解
这里引用百度百科-DHCP上的一段解释 动态主机设置协议(英语:Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol,DHCP)是一个局域网的网络协议, 使用UDP协议工作,主要有两个用途:用于内部网或网络服务供应商自动分配IP地址;给用户用于内部 网管理员作为对所有计算机作中央管理的手段。
2020/3/10
3. 字段详解
下面示意内容,基本来自百度百科-DHCP协议
op 消息类型,1字节 1 :BOOTREQUEST 2 :BOOTREPLY
htype 硬件地址类型,1字节 1 :以太网地址类型,也就是我们常用的mac地址
hlen 硬件地址长度,1字节 hops 1字节,若封包需经过 router 传送,每站加 1 ,若在同一网内,为 0。 xid 4 字节,DHCP REQUEST 时产生的数值,以作 DHCPREPLY 时的依据 secs 2 字节,Client 端启动时间(秒) flags 2 字节,从 0 到 15 共 16 bits ,最左一 bit 为 1 时表示 server 将以广播方式传送封包给 client ,其 余尚未使用 ciaddr 4 字节,要是 client 端想继续使用之前取得之 IP 地址,则列于这里 yiaddr 4 字节,从 server 送回 client 之 DHCP OFFER 与 DHCPACK封包中,此栏填写分配给 client 的 IP 地址。 siaddr 4 字节,若 client 需要透过网络开机,从 server 送出之 DHCP OFFER、DHCPACK、DHCPNACK封 包中,此栏填写开机程序代码所在 server 之地址。 giaddr 4 字节,若需跨网域进行 DHCP 发放,此栏为 relay agent 的地址,否则为 0 chaddr 16 字节,Client 之硬件地址 sname 64 字节,Server 之名称字符串,以 0x00 结尾 file 4 字节,若 client 需要透过网络开机,此栏将指出开机程序名称,稍后以 TFTP 传送 options TLV格式数据,T:1byte L:1byte, 允许厂商定议选项(Vendor-Specific Area),以提供更多的设定 信息(如:Netmask、Gateway、DNS、等等)。其长度可变,同时可携带多个选项,每一选项之第一个 byte 为信息代码,其后一个 byte 为该项数据长度,最后为项目内容
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