Chla absorbs light primarily in the blue and far-red regions
Reflects green why most plants appear green
叶绿醇尾巴
叶绿素分子：四吡咯类 a, b, c, d四类

2） Carotenoids 类胡萝卜素– brown, yellow, or red pigments. Hydrocarbons with or without an oxygen molecule= 胡 萝卜素carotenes and 叶黄素xanthophylls.

真核藻类：纤维素及其他多糖类
褐藻酸
琼脂糖
硅藻细胞壁——含有硅酸silicic acid
Algal characteristics for distinguishing divisions
cell wall Chloroplast structure Pigments Storage products Motility (e.g. +/- flagella) Life history
细胞壁、细胞质、核糖体、拟核（中央质）

Eukaryotic cell 真核细胞——真核藻类
细胞壁、细胞质、细胞器、细胞核
1.1.1 Nucleus细胞核
蓝藻细胞
真核藻细胞
1.1.2 Mitochondrion线粒体
1.1.3 Endoplasmic reticulum内质 网
1.1.4 Vacuoles and pusules 液 泡
1.1.6 Chloroplast structure叶绿体结构

绿藻：双层膜，基粒由2-6类囊体垛叠而成

红藻：叶绿体双层膜，类囊体单条
甲藻和裸藻：叶绿体三层膜，类囊体3形成 一束 最外层膜为叶绿体内质网膜（chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum，chloroplast E.R.），膜上附着核糖体 Chloroplast E.R. 与各藻类的起源相关

1.1.7 Algal pigments藻类色素
Pigment Location

1） Chlorophylls叶绿素 – green pigments, embedded in thylakoid membrane. Chla is the main player: used in PSI of all algae and land plants.
Phycoerythrin藻红蛋白 Phycocyanobilin藻蓝蛋白 Allophycocyanin别藻蓝蛋白
Three main divisions of seaweeds: Chlorophyta:
~Chl a, b ~Carotenoids: B-carotene, lutein, violaxanthin, neoxanthin

carotene胡萝卜素 xanthophyll叶黄素 phycobilin藻胆素 phycoerythrin藻红蛋白 phycocyanobilin藻蓝蛋白 flagella鞭毛 Chlorophyta绿藻 Heterokontophyta异鞭毛 藻 Rhodophyta红藻

3）Phycobilins藻胆素– red or blue pigments. Water soluble. Located on the surface of thylakoids in cyanobacteria and red algae, associated with proteins to form phycobilisomes（藻胆蛋白）.
Algal characteristics for distinguishing divisions
cell wall Chloroplast/plastid structure Storage products Pigments Motility (e.g. +/- flagella) Life history

辨别几个概念
• Plastid 质体 • Chloroplast 叶绿体：a plastid capble of • • •
photosynthesis Chromoplast 色素体：藻类光合作用细胞器的旧称 Proplastid 前质体：a reducedevelop into a chloroplast Leucoplast 白色体 （or amyloplast 淀粉体）： colorless plastid，accumulation of storage product
1 藻类的概述
Contents
1.1 Algal cell 1.2 Algal morphology 1.3 Algal reproduction 1.4 Algal life histories 1.5 Algal ecology

1.1 Algal cell

Prokaryotic cell 原核细胞——蓝藻、原绿 藻
Heterokontophyta:
~Chl a, c ~Carotenoids: B-carotene, violaxanthin, fucoxanthin（墨 角藻黄素）
Rhodophyta:
~Chl a ~Carotenoids: A-carotene, B-carotene ~Phycobilins: phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin（别藻蓝蛋白）

1.1.5 Cell wall细胞壁
无细胞壁：裸藻、隐藻、金藻，少数甲藻 其他各门藻类都有细胞壁，但细胞壁的结 构和成分不同


蓝藻：肽聚糖
Two components of algal cell wall
The fibrillar component, which forms the skeleton of the wall
Cellulose Mannan Xylans
The amphous component, which forms a matrix within which the fibrillar component is embedded
Alginic acid Fucoidin Galactans:agar, carrageenan
Form
Algal characteristics for distinguishing divisions cell wall Chloroplast structure Pigments Storage products Motility (e.g. +/- flagella) Life history
Algal characteristics for distinguishing divisions
cell wall Chloroplast structure Pigments Storage products Motility (e.g. +/- flagella) Life history
(e.g. laminarin昆布糖, Chrysolaminarin 金藻昆布糖, mannitol甘露醇)
Algal characteristics for distinguishing divisions
cell wall Chloroplast structure Pigments Storage products Motility (e.g. +/- flagella) Life history

异鞭毛类（褐藻、金藻、硅藻、黄藻）： 叶绿体四层膜，类囊体3形成一束 包括两层chloroplast E.R.

Chloroplast
类囊体 基质 基粒

Pyrenoid淀粉核（蛋白核）：特化的蛋白 质结构，含核酮糖二磷酸羧化酶，与淀粉 合成有关。
I：eight large subunits (coded by chloroplast DNA) and eight small subunits(coded by nucleus DNA) Form II: two large subunits

1.1.9 Flagella鞭毛

运动器官，由微管microtubule构成
二连体 动力臂
轮辐
Vocabulary

pusule液泡 chloroplast叶绿体 pigment色素 thylakoid类囊体 stroma基质 granum（pl.grana）基 粒 Pyrenoid淀粉核 chlorophyll叶绿素 carotenoid类胡萝卜素

1.1.8 Storage products贮存物质

alpha 1,4 linked = starches (Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta)
(e.g. floridean amylopectin(红藻支 链淀粉), amylose starches直链淀 粉)

beta 1,3 linked = sugars (Heterokontophyta)