1. not every colonist support the revolution: loyalists such as big merchants and bankers2. the Continental Congress cannot pass laws and it did not have an executive branch to carry out the decisions3. lack money4. each colony is more concerned about defending itself than gaining independence as a whole5. lack the strength to fight against the British army.Turning point and the victories1.Surprise attacks游击战2.Franklin’ s diplomatic activities to obtain foreign aids, such as aids from France, Spain and Holland.3.French volunteers: e.g. LafayetteLast victory: Decisive battle at Yorktown led by WashingtonOn Oct. 19, 1781, British general Cornwallis (康沃利斯) surrendered.The final peace treaty The Treaty of Paris in 1783 acknowledged the American Independence.（The final peace treaty was signed in 1782 and went in effect in 1783）-- Frontiersmen's InfluencePositive:on Politics：---Frontiersmen as presidents; Jackson, Lincoln and GrantExpanded territory and increased population laid the foundation for a global power.On Economicsfast development of agriculturefood surplus for tradecontribution to industrializationOn transportation and urbanizationOn American character and value---dash and daring, ready to run risks and aggressive---learn many skills and self-reliance, self-discipline---farmers and hunters , poor lower class; so not pay attention to social background ---hard work: "work freaks", and "work addicts"---rough , pragmatic and less refined , honestNegative: Trail of Tears of Indians"the jazz age"material consumptionspiritual frustrationIndustrial BoomBased on science and technologyMass production by assembly lines（car,movie,radio,chemical industries）Social Life: Womanhood as an Examplefirst wave of Feminist Movement for political and economic rightswomen's vote right was granted with the 19th amendment to the Constitution in 1920 New Woman Image: job, bobbed hair, short skirts, lavish cosmetics, smoking and beauty contestsAmerican Values Corrupted by MaterialismThe Prohibition Law in 1919Spiritual Frustration: the Lost Generationlost American writersdiscontent with the existing social reality, but they did not know what to do about it.---the Senate(100人,任期六年,三分之一的参议院席位每两年选举一次):2 Senators of each statethe Congress : make laws, levy taxes and money to cover government expenditure2)The Executive: Administration Headed by President总统任期四年，可连任一届the power of the President:to execute the law passed by theCongressto sign the act passed by Congress into lawto veto the bill passed by the Congressto appoint Federal Judges and Federal officials with the approval of the Senatein charge of the foreign policyCannot dissolve Congress while Congress cannot remove the President from office so long as he behaves well.总统选举——选举人团制度“胜者全得”制度（the winner-take-all System），即把本州的选举人票全部给予在该州获得相对多数票的总统候选人。

South：Mexico & The Gulf of MexicoWest：Pacific Ocean & Hawaii（国内）East：Atlantic OceanArea: 9.4 million sq. km.; 4th largesteast to west: 5000 kilometerssouth to north: 2500 kilometerscoastline: 20,000 kilometersGeographical Features 地理Three basic areas:The Atlantic Seacoast and the Appalachian MountainsThe Great Mississippi River BasinThe Rockies west to the Pacific OceanThe Atlantic Seacoast and the Appalachian Mountains：1/6 of the continental Americaabout 3000 km long mountain range and lower than 800 m.Rich soil for farms and harbors for tradeThe Great Plains in the middle：1/3 of the continental American landMississippi: longest in North America3780 kilometers“Father of Waters” or “Old Man River”“Barn of America”The West：Rockies: The backbone of the continentFrom Canada through America to Mexico and further southTo the west of it: Sierra Nevada Mountains and Cascade MountainsGeological: national parks: Yellowstone, The National Grand Canyon Park, etc.Valleys: Death Valley: lowest and hottestThe Great Central Valley in CaliforniaSix Regions：New England，the Mid-Atlantic States，the South，the Midwest，the Southwest and the WestRivers and Lakes of the United States 美国河流山脉湖泊Mississippi: 6400 km; the largestMissouri River: Head-stream of MississippiOhio River: American Ruhr 美国的鲁尔河Potomac 波多马克河: Washington D.C.; division of South and North Hudson River: New York CityThe Great Lakes 五大湖HOMESH: Lake HuronO: Lake OntarioM: Lake Michigan: the only one that is entirely in AmericaE: Lake ErieS: Lake SuperiorNiagara FallsMountain ranges：Appalachian Mountains, RockiesMajor Cities and Scenic Spots in America 主要城市Over 10,000 cities50 metropolitan cities with a population of over a million peopleCities:-- New York City1.New York City is the largest city and seaport in America.It is in New York State and it mainly lies on Manhattan Island, which is situated in the estuary of the Hudson River5 Boroughs：Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, Staten Island3 Islands：Manhattan Island, Long Island, Staten Island2. Landmarks in NY: -- BostonThe Fifth Avenue: shopping center State capital of MassachusettsBroadway: theatrical center Almost the oldest city in America Wall Street: financial center Education center: 47degree-granting institutions: MIT and HarvardThe Statue of Liberty Cradle of American liberty: Boston Tea Party-- Philadelphia -- Washington D. C“America's Athens” The Capital of AmericaIndependence Hall D.C.: District of ColumbiaOn the Potomac River -- San Francisco The White House,白宫In California The Capitol,国会大厦Golden Gate Bridge The Pentagon五角大楼China Town-- Los Angeles -- ChicagoIn California The 3rd largest city in America The 2nd largest city in America In Illinois, “the Windy City”Pleasant weather and beautiful scenery Borders on Lake MichiganFilm-making: Hollywood Most important industrial and commercial city in the Middle WestSears Tower: used to the highest building in the world--The People of AmericaAmerican PopulationChina 1st 1.3 billionIndia 2nd 1.29 billionAmerica 3rd314 millionThe West: not denseGreat Plains: not denseThe South: over 100 mNortheastern: most denselyDistribution of PeopleUrban6 most densely populated states or area: New England (an area), Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin and OhioMiddle west and the Plain: sparseWestern: thin populationHistory of Immigration1830s-1840s: Northern Europeans1890s: Southern and Eastern EuropeansImmigration Act of 1924: restriction, esp. EuropeansImmigration and Nationality Act Amendments in 1965: equal chance to immigrateA nation of immigrants“Melting Pot”“Salad Bowl”。