Table 1Levels of evidence grading systemGrade of Recommendation /Description Benefit vs. Risk andBurdensMethodological Quality of SupportingEvidenceImplications1A/Strong recommendation, high quality evidence Benefits clearly outweighrisk and burden, or viceversaRCTs without important limitations oroverwhelming evidence from observationalstudiesStrong recommendation, can apply tomost patients in most circumstanceswithout reservation1B/Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence Benefits clearly outweighrisk and burdens, or viceversaRCTs without importantlimitations(inconsistent results,methodological flaws, indirect, or imprecise)or exceptionally strong evidence fromobservational studiesStrong recommendation, can apply tomost patients in most circumstanceswithout reservation1C/Strong recommendation, low quality evidence Benefits clearly outweighrisk and burdens, or viceversaObservational studies or case series Strong recommendation, but maychange when higher quality evidencebecomes available2A/Weak recommendation, high quality evidence Benefits closely balancedwith risk and burdenRCTs without important limitations oroverwhelming evidence from observationalstudiesWeak recommendation, best actionmay differ depending on circumstancesor patients’ or societal values2B/Weak recommendation, moderate quality evidence Benefits closely balancedwith risk and burdenRCTs with important limitations(inconsistentresults, methodological flaws, indirect, orimprecise) or exceptionally strong evidencefrom observational studiesWeak recommendation, best actionmay differ depending on circumstancesor patients’ or societal values2C/Weak recommendation, low quality evidence Benefits closely balancedwith risk and burdenObservational studies or case series Very weak recommendation, otheralternative may be equally reasonableTable 2General guideline.Guideline statement LoE ABC Consensus CABC Consensus1) The management of ABC is complex and, therefore, involvement of allappropriate specialties in a multidisciplinaryteam (including but not restricted tomedical, radiation, surgical oncologists, imaging experts,pathologists,gynaecologists, psycho-oncologists, social workers, nurses andpalliative care specialists), is crucial.Expert opinion 100% Yes (29 voters) 100% Yes (20 voters)2) From the time of diagnosis of ABC, patients should be offered appropriatepsychosocial care, supportive care,and symptom-related interventions as aroutine part of their care. The approach must be personalized tomeet the needsof the individual patient.Expert opinion 100% Yes (30 voters) 100% Yes (20 voters)3) Following a thorough assessment and confirmation of MBC, the potential treatment goals of care should bediscussed. Patients should be told that MBC is incurable but treatable, and women can live with MBC for extendedperiods of time (many years in some circumstances). This conversation should be conducted in accessible language,respecting patient privacy and cultural differences, and whenever possible, written information should be provided. Expert opinion 97% (29) Yes 3% (1)Abstain (30 voters)95% (18) Yes(19 voters)4) Patients (and their families, caregivers or support network, if the patient agrees) should be invited to participate inthe decision-making process at all times. When possible, patients should be encouraged to be accompanied bypersons who can support them and share treatment decisions (e.g. family members, caregivers, support network) Expert opinion 100% Yes (30 voters) 75% (15) Yes 15% (3)Abstain (20 voters)Table 3Assessment guidelines.Guideline statement LoE ABC Consensus CABC Consensus8) Minimal staging workup for MBC includes a history and physical examination, haematology and biochemistry tests,and imaging of chest, abdomen and bone. 2 C 67% (20) Yes 3% (1)Abstain (30 voters)100% Yes (19 voters)9) Brain imaging should not be routinely performed in asymptomatic patients. This approach is applicable to all patientswith MBC including those patients with HER-2þ and/or TNBC MBC. Expertopinion 94% (30) Yes(32 voters)45% (9) Yes(20 voters)10) The clinical value of tumour markers is not well established for diagnosis or follow-up after adjuvant therapy,but their use (if elevated) as an aid to evaluate response to treatment, particularly in patients with non-measurablemetastatic disease, is reasonable. A change in tumour markers alone should not be used to initiate a change in treatment. 2 C 89% (24) Yes 4% (1)Abstain (27 voters)86% (18) Yes 10% (2)Abstain (21 voters)11) Evaluation of response to therapy should generally occur every 2e4 months for ET or after 2-4 cycles for CT,depending on the dynamics of the disease, the location and extent of metastatic involvement, and type of treatment.Imaging of a target lesion may be sufficient in many patients. In certain patients, such as those with indolent disease,less frequent monitoring is acceptable. Additional testing should be performed in a timely manner, irrespective of theplanned intervals, if PD is suspected or symptoms appear. Thorough history and physical examination must alwaysbe performed. Expert opinion 81% (25) Yes 10% (3)Abstain (31 voters)100% Yes (18 voters)Table 4Treatment general guidelines.Guideline statement LoE ABC Consensus CABC Consensus15) Treatment choice should take into account at least these factors: HR &HER-2 status; previous therapies andtheir toxicities; disease-free interval; tumourburden (defined as number and site of metastases); physiologicage; performancestatus; co-morbidities (including organ dysfunctions); menopausal status (for ET);need fora rapid disease/symptom control; socio-economic and psychologicalfactors; available therapies in the patient’s country and patient preference.Expert opinion 100% Yes (30 voters) 100% Yes (19 voters)16) The age of the patient should not be a reason to withhold effective therapy. 1 B 94% (28) Yes 3% (1)Abstain (30 voters)100% Yes (15 voters)17) A small but very important subset of patients with MBC, for example those with oligo-metastatic disease,can achieve complete remission and a long survival. A multimodal approach should be considered for theseselected patients.A prospective clinical trial addressing this specific situation is needed. Expertopinion 96% (25) Yes (26voters)100% Yes (17 voters)18) The true value of the removal of the primary tumour in patients with stage IVbreast cancer is currentlyunknown. However, it can be considered in selectedpatients. Of note, some studies suggest that surgery isonly valuable if performedwith the same attention to detail (e.g. attaining clear margins and addressingdisease in the axilla) as in patients with early stage disease. Prospective clinicaltrials to confirm the valueof this approach, the best candidates and timing arecurrently ongoing.2 B 100% Yes (29 voters) 100% Yes (19 voters)Table 5ER +/HER-2 negative ABC.Guideline statement LoE ABC Consensus CABC Consensus19) Endocrine therapy (ET) is the preferred option for hormone receptor positive disease, even in the presence ofvisceral disease, unless there is concern or proof of endocrine resistance or there is disease needing a fast response. 1 A 100% Yes (29 voters) 75% (12) Yes 6% (1)Abstain (16 voters)20) For pre-menopausal women, ovarian suppression/ablation combined with additional endocrine therapy is the first choice. 1 A 97% (29) Yes (30voters)93% (14) Yes (15voters)21) The additional endocrine agent should be tamoxifen unless tamoxifen resistance is proven.An AI is also a viable option, but absolutely mandates the use of ovarian suppression/ablation. 1 B 97% (29) Yes (30voters)88% (14) Yes 6% (1)Abstain (16 voters)22) The preferred 1st line ET for postmenopausal patients is an aromatase inhibitor; however, tamoxifen remains aviable option in selected patients. Type and duration of adjuvant ET must be taken into account. 1 A 94% (29) Yes 6% (2)Abstain (32 voters)100% Yes (16 voters)23) Optimal post-aromatase inhibitor treatment is uncertain. Available options include, but arenot limited to, tamoxifen, another AI (with a different mechanism of action), fulvestrant, and megestrol acetate. 1 A 97% (30) Yes 3% (1)Abstain (30 voters)100% Yes (15 voters)24) The addition of everolimus to an AI has shown favourable results in patients with acquired endocrine resistance. However, themajority of the panel believes that additional data/studies are needed before this strategy can be recommended as standardof care. At this time, everolimus is not approved for use in this setting by EU/US regulatory authorities. Expertopinion 48% (15) Yes 13% (4)Abstain (31 voters)93% (14) Yes (15voters)Table 6HER-2-positive ABC.Guideline statement LoE ABC Consensus CABC Consensus27) Anti-HER-2 therapy should be offered early to all patients with HER-2þ MBC, except inthe presence of contra-indications to the use of such therapy. 1 A 91% (30) Yes 3% (1)Abstain (33 voters)100% Yes (16 voters)28) For patients with ER+/HER-2+ MBC for whom ET was chosen over CT, anti-HER-2therapy + ET should be considered with the initiation of endocrine therapy (providedthat further anti-HER-2 therapy is available) since anti-HER-2 therapy (either trastuzumabor lapatinib) in combination with ET has shown substantial PFS benefit (i.e., “time without CT”)1 A 90% (27) Yes 10% (3)Abstain (30 voters)100% Yes (12 voters)29) Patients progressing on an anti-HER-2 therapy combined with a cytotoxic orendocrine agent should be offered additional anti-HER-2 therapy with subsequenttreatment since it is beneficial to continue suppression of the HER-2 pathway. 1 B 97% (29) Yes (30voters)100% Yes (15 voters)30) It is currently unknown if the best option for patients progressing after receiving one line oftrastuzumab þ cytotoxic agent is to continue trastuzumab in conjunction with anothercytotoxic agent or to change to lapatinib in combination with capecitabine. Therefore, both options are viable. 1 A 90% (26) Yes 10% (3)Abstain (29 voters)100% Yes (16 voters)31) In patients with HER-2þ MBC who relapse after adjuvant anti-HER-2 therapy, the best option remains unclear,but all such patients should be considered for further anti-HER-2 therapy. The choice of the anti-HER2 agent willdepend on country-specific availability, the specific anti-HER2 therapy that was administered, and therelapse free interval. 1 B 85% (23) Yes 15% (4)Abstain (27 voters)100% Yes (16 voters)Table 7Chemotherapy and biological therapy.Guideline statement LoE ABC Consensus CABC Consensus34) Both combination and sequential single agent CT are reasonable options. Based on the available data, we recommendsequential monotherapy as the preferred choice for MBC. Combination CT should be reserved for patients with rapidclinical progression, life-threatening visceral metastases, or need for rapid symptom and/or disease control. 1 B 96% (25) Yes 4% (1)Abstain (26 voters)100% Yes (18 voters)35) In the absence of medical contra-indications or patient concerns, anthracycline or taxane-based regimens, preferablyas single agents, would usually be considered as first line CT for HER-2 negative MBC, in those patients who have notreceived these regimens as adjuvant treatment and for whom chemotherapy is appropriate. Other options are, however,available and effective, such as capecitabine and vinorelbine, particularly if avoiding alopecia is a priority for the patient. 1 A 71% (17) Yes 4% (1)Abstain (24 voters)100% Yes (13 voters)36) In patients with taxane-naive and anthracycline-resistant MBC or with anthracycline cumulative dose or toxicity(i.e., cardiac) who are being considered for further CT, taxane-based therapy, preferably as single agents, would usuallybe considered as treatment of choice. Other options are, however, available and effective, such as capecitabine andvinorelbine, particularly if avoiding alopecia is a priority for the patient. 1 A 59% (14) Yes 8% (2)Abstain (24 voters)88% (14) Yes 12% (2)Abstain (16 voters)37) In patients pre-treated with anthracycline and taxanes (in the adjuvant or metastatic setting) and who do not needcombination CT, capecitabine single agent is the preferred choice. 1 B 56% (15) Yes 11% (3)Abstain (27 voters)83% (10) Yes (12voters)38) If given in the adjuvant setting, a taxane can be re-used as 1st line therapy, particularly if there has been at least oneyear of disease-free survival. 1 A 92% (22) Yes 8% (1)Abstain (24 voters)77% (10) Yes 8% (1)Abstain (13 voters)39) Duration of each regimen and number of regimens should be tailored to each individual patient. Expert opinion 96% (26) Yes (27voters)100% Yes (13 voters)40) Usually each regimen should be given until progression of disease or unacceptable toxicity (unacceptable should bedefined together with the patient). 1 B 72% (21) Yes 7% (2)Abstain (29 voters)73% (8) Yes (11voters)41) Bevacizumab combined with a taxane as 1st line therapy for MBC provides only a moderate benefit in PFS and no benefitin OS. The absence of known predictive factors for bevacizumab efficacy renders recommendations on its use difficultand it is a research priority. Bevacizumab can only therefore be considered as an option in selected cases. 1 A 74% (17) Yes 17% (4)Abstain (23 voters)100% Yes (13 voters)Table 8Bone and brain metastases.Guideline statement LoE ABC Consensus CABC Consensus42) A bone modifying agent (bisphosphonate, denosumab) should be routinely used in combination with other systemictherapy in patients with MBC and bone metastases. 1 A 96% (26) Yes 4% (1)Abstain (27 voters)100% Yes (21 voters)43) Radiological assessments are required in patients with persistent and localized pain due to bone metastases todetermine whether there are impending or actual pathological fractures. If a fracture of a long bone is likely or hasoccurred, an orthopaedic assessment is required as the treatment of choice may be surgical stabilization which isgenerally followed by RT. In the absence of a clear fracture risk, RT is the treatment of choice. 1 A 96% (23) Yes 4% (1)Abstain (24 voters)100% Yes (20 voters)44) Neurological symptoms and signs which suggest the possibility of spinal cordcompression must be investigated as a matter ofurgency. This requires a fullradiological assessment of potentially affected area as well as adjacent areas ofthe spine. MRI is themethod of choice. An emergency surgical (neurosurgery ororthopaedic surgery) opinion may be required for surgicaldecompression. If nodecompression/stabilization is feasible, emergency radiotherapy is the treatmentof choice.1 B 100% Yes (24 voters) 100% Yes (21 voters)45) Patients with a single or a small number of potentially resectable brain metastasis should be treated with surgeryor radiosurgery. Radiosurgery is also an option for some unresectable brain metastases. 1 B 92% (22) Yes 4% (1)Abstain (24 voters)100% Yes (19 voters)46) If surgery/radiosurgery is performed it may be followed by whole brain radiotherapy but this should be discussedin detail with the patient, balancing the longer duration of intracranial disease control and the risk of neurocognitive effects. 1 B 72% (18) Yes 16% (4)Abstain (25 voters)100% Yes (16 voters)Table 9Supportive and palliative care.Guideline statement LoE ABC Consensus CABC Consensus47) Supportive care allowing safer and more tolerable delivery of appropriatetreatments should alwaysbe part of the treatment plan.1 A 100% Yes (26 voters) 100% Yes (20 voters)48) Expert palliative care, including effective control of pain and other symptoms,should be a priority.1 A 100% Yes (26 voters) 100% Yes (20 voters)49) Access to effective pain treatment (including morphine, which is inexpensive)is necessary for allpatients in need of pain relief.1 A 100% yes (27 voters) 100% Yes (20 voters)50) Optimally, discussions about patient preferences at the end of life should begin early in the course of metastatic disease.However, when active treatment no longer is able to control widespread and life-threatening disease, and the toxicitiesof remaining options outweigh benefits, physicians and other members of the healthcare team should initiate discussionswith the patient (and family members/friends, if the patient agrees) about end-of-life care. Expert opinion 96% (25) Yes 4% (1)Abstain (26 voters)100% Yes (21 voters)。