2012，22(6)张海荣无水氟化氢工艺流程比较无水氟化氢工艺流程比较张海荣*华陆工程科技有限公司西安710065摘要介绍用萤石法制取无水氟化氢，在精馏塔和脱气塔的设计和操作中，有常压和加压两种生产工艺流程。
分析这两种工艺的优缺点，指出加压流程是目前行之有效的节能工艺流程。
关键词氟化氢生产工艺加压流程氟化氢又称氢氟酸，是氟化学工业的基础，我国是全球氟化氢的最大生产国。
目前世界各国基本都是采用萤石与硫酸反应制取氟化氢，原因是萤石与硫酸原料易得、供应量大且稳定、大规模工业生产技术成熟可靠。
氟化氢生产技术路线分为常压流程和加压流程，区别是精馏塔、脱气塔采用常压操作和带压操作。
由于氟化氢在常压下沸点为19.5ħ，因此常压流程的精馏塔、脱气塔塔顶冷凝器均需采用冷冻水进行冷凝，而冷冻水需消耗大量的电能，所以两塔冷凝器在氟化氢装置的能耗中占很大比例；加压流程通过提高两塔操作压力，使氟化氢沸点升至50ħ以上，故塔顶冷凝器可使用循环水对氟化氢进行冷凝，由于循环水能耗低，节能效果显著。
国内氟化氢企业通常采用常压流程，其原因是氟化氢属于高度危害性物质，且腐蚀性较强，而常压流程的技术难度相对较低，生产中操作比较容易。
常压流程与加压流程只在于精馏塔与脱气塔操作压力不同，所以只对这两塔系统进行比较分析。
由于脱气塔和精馏塔的情况相同，比较精馏塔的能耗情况就可以知道总的能耗比例，下面以15kt/a无水氟化氢装置为例，通过计算比较常压流程和加压流程的能耗。
1精馏塔再沸器能耗1.1常压流程由于氟化氢在常压下沸点为19.5ħ，所以采用70ħ 80ħ的热水即可。
通过再沸器管程的氟化氢质量流量为3313kg/h，通过壳程的热水流量为29.17t/h，再沸器的换热面积为26.94m2，传递的热量为34594W，传热系数630.14W/（m2·K）。
1.2加压流程加压流程中精馏塔的操作压力为0.25MPa，氢氟酸的沸点为61.6ħ，故选用0.3MPa的饱和蒸汽作为热媒体，通过再沸器管程的氟化氢质量流量同样为3313kg/h，通过壳程的蒸汽流量为13383kg/h，再沸器的换热面积为14.8m2，传递的热量为792508W，传热系数1073.73W/（m2·K）。
2精馏塔冷凝器能耗2.1常压流程进入冷凝器的氢氟酸温度为19.18ħ，沸点是17.99ħ。
冷媒体选用乙二醇溶液，温度为－10 －5ħ，通过冷凝器管程的氟化氢质量流量为3262.5kg/h，通过壳程的冷媒流量为149.66t/h，传递的热量为787703W，传热系数574.23W/（m2·K）。
2.2加压流程进入冷凝器的氢氟酸温度为58.35ħ，沸点是57.46ħ。
冷媒体选用循环水即可，温度为33 38ħ。
通过冷凝器管程的氟化氢质量流量为3262.5 kg/h，通过壳程的冷媒流量为129.79t/h，传递的热量为755259W，传热系数844.91W/（m2·K）。
3常压流程与加压流程能耗比较常压操作流程精馏塔的能耗见表1。
9*张海荣：工程师。
1999年毕业于华东冶金学院（现安徽工业大学）化工工艺专业。
从事化工工程设计和前期咨询工作。
联系电话：（029）87988346，E－mail：zhr1843@。
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN化工设计2012，22(6)表1常压操作流程精馏塔能耗名称消耗量能量折算值设计能耗（kW）单位设计能耗（MJ/t）标准煤折算值（kg/t）热水80ħ29.2t/h1342.20MJ/t10875.55220.3178.117冷量－10ħ2833.7MJ/h0.88MJ/MJ692.7332.511.345合计11568.25552.8189.46加压操作流程精馏塔能耗见表2。
表2加压操作流程精馏塔能耗名称消耗量（t/h）能量折算值（MJ/t）设计能耗（kW）单位设计能耗（MJ/t）标准煤折算值（kg/t）循环水129.8 4.19151.172.5 2.4740.3MPa蒸汽13.42763.0010271.54930.3168.224合计10422.55002.8170.70通过表1和表2比较可知，加压操作流程能耗较低。
4常压流程与加压流程设备投资费用比较4.1塔顶冷凝器常压流程与加压流程均采用碳钢，且费用差不多，但从腐蚀角度看常压流程的冷凝器使用年限长一些。
4.2精馏塔与脱气塔常压流程与加压流程的塔身均采用碳钢，填料均采用PTFE材质，塔釜均部分内衬PTFE，但加压流程塔径小一些，因此加压流程投资略小。
4.3精馏塔再沸器常压流程比加压流程精馏塔再沸器换热面积大，如果管程材质均采用825合金，常压流程投资比加压流程大。
5结语相同规模下，加压流程比常压流程能耗低，设备投资费用小，所以在无水氟化氢生产中采用加压流程工艺是可行的。
（收稿日期2012－08－03檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿檿）(上接第16页)3影响胀接质量的因素影响胀接质量的主要因素有管子与管板的材料硬度差、尺寸及尺寸精度、形位精度、径向间隙、表面清洁度、管子与管板的硬度差、管孔的开槽。
在IFV气化器制造中，必须做好制造过程各道工序的质量控制，以保证达到要求胀管率。
（1）严格控制所采购换热管的尺寸。
如E－1段管子外径必须控制正偏差，管子的椭圆度不超过ʃ0.2mm，管口端面应平直，端面倾斜度不大于管子外径的2%，管子全长偏差不大于ʃ5mm，管子弯曲度不大于ʃ5mm。
（2）严格控制管板孔和换热管的配合精度。
如E－1段管板孔控制在19.3ʃ0.05mm，机加工后管板孔需铰制加工，使粗糙度达到7级。
焊接时，管子中心线必须保证和管板孔中心线相重合，若间隙较大，过大的胀接变形将对焊接接头产生损伤甚至脱焊。
（3）管板材料的硬度要高于换热管材料的硬度。
由于E－1、E－3段换热管为钛管，其硬度比碳钢复合钢板高，胀前需对钛管采用退火以降低其硬度。
（4）在胀接完成后必须进行耐压试验，检查胀口的严密性。
4结语随着沿海地区LNG接收站的快速发展，IFV 气化器国产化势在必行。
采用适当的胀接工艺，建立模型通过试胀来确定胀接工艺参数，保证胀管合格率，是确保胀管质量的关键。
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