中毒致死量
中毒致死量: 致死量 致死血浓度 安定: 100-500mg/kg 20mg/L 氯氮平: 2g 30mg/L 中毒症状: 嗜睡,易被唤醒,言语如常,共济失调,过 渡镇静,可有头痛、视物模糊、恶心、药疹 大剂量可昏迷,血压下降,呼吸循环衰竭 检材采取:尿、胃内容、血、脏器, 肝 >脑 > 血 >肾 >肺
检材采取:胃内容、血液、尿液,有条件 脑脊液,脑肝肾为化验材料。尸体中可提 取。 法医鉴定要点:病史,临床表现,尸体剖 验,毒物化验,排除疾病或外伤
第二节 麻醉药中毒
麻醉中毒多与医疗纠纷有关。
中毒原因:操作程序违规。 中毒死亡病理改变:急死改变
麻醉药中毒法医鉴定注ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ事项
BENZODIAZEPINES
• Anxiolytic, sedative, anticonvulsant, amnestic • Does not suppress respiration • Generally not used for chronic anxiety • Reduced ability to metabolize in elderly causes severe assoc. And generalized intelectual impairments Facilitate the binding of GABA and act at limbic centers • Valium, Xanax, Vicotin, diazepam, etc. • More selective than barbiturates
Barbiturates (sedatives镇静药)
Sleep inducing, can induce dependence Especially dangerous when used with alcohol
Tranquilizers 利眠宁(anxiolytics抗焦虑药)
Benzodiazepines (Valium, Librium) among most used Variants not approved include Rohypnol Causes loss of short term memory Used for personal attacks
Psychoactive/Psychedelic
Marijuana(大麻)
Short term use – relaxation; Long term – loss of motivation Loss of coordination, slow reaction time, disordered thought Legalized for medical use in some states (controversial) Sometimes contaminated with herbicide paraquat
Natural sources
Cacti 闲人掌(peyote) – mescaline Mushrooms – psilocybin, ibotenic acid
Drugs that depress Brain function
• Sedatives(镇静剂), general anesthetics(麻醉),
药 物 中 毒
法医毒理学教研室 王祖峰
Medicine intoxication
What is a drug?
Alcohol
DMT Oxycodone
Marihuana
Valerian Root LSD PCP Cocaine Hair Spray Ecstasy GHB St. John’s Wort
tranquilizers, anxiolytics, hypnotics, anti-epileptics • Diminish awareness, reduce response to sensory stim., depress cognitive functioning, spontaneity, and physical activity • High doses: increased drowsiness, lethargy, amnesia, antiepileptic, anesthesia, depressed respiration, dilates blood vessels, diuretic, toxic to liver • Alcohol, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, inhalants
第一节 催眠镇静药中毒
非巴比妥类 1、吩噻嗪类中毒 2、苯二氮卓类 3、其他弱安定类 巴比妥类
吩噻嗪类中毒
属三环类,代表药物氯丙嗪,为白色或微红 色粉末,有糖衣片及注射液两种。 中毒原因:自杀,误服,投毒他杀,非法 行医。 中毒致死量:个体差异大,多种因素影响。 一般口服致死量为15~150mg/Kg, 5~7g,致死血浓度5~10mg/
LSD()
Strong hallucinogen, vivid colors Flashbacks common
PCP(五氯酚)/Ketamine
At first, feelings of strength, invulnerability, detachment Then confusion, agitation, depression Long term – depression, suicide, schizophrenia
尸检所见: 急性中毒-一般窒息征象 慢性中毒-皮疹,肝细胞坏死,肾小管 上皮细胞变性、坏死 长期药物滥用-NC退行性变,NC变 性、坏死,胶质细胞增生明 显,淀粉小体形成。 法医鉴定要点:服药史、临床症状、毒物 化验
其他弱安定剂中毒
眠而通——抑制中枢神经系统(丘脑)
导眠能——抑制中枢神经系统(网状结构) 安眠酮——抑制中枢神经系统(大脑皮层)
详细了解病情和治疗经过, 全面收集各种物证, 系统、细致、有针对性的尸体解剖, 检材采取具有特殊性, 正确评价药物检测分析结果, 与麻醉药过敏性休克鉴别。
乙 醚 中 毒
应用较早的一种较安全的全身麻醉剂
临床采用开放点滴法通过面罩吸入给药 乙醚经呼吸道吸入后,很快吸收入血,对 中枢神经系统产生广泛抑制作用,最后药 物作用与脑干,延髓呼吸中枢抑制甚至麻 醉而死亡。
毒理作用: 抑制中枢神经系统,作用部位在脑干 网状结构上行激活系统、大脑边缘系统及 下丘脑。对自主神经抑制也较显著。 口服从胃肠吸收入血,注射吸收更快, 脑中浓度超过血中,其他组织也超过血中。 大部在肝脏代谢,尿液排除,经胆汁由粪 便排除也起重要作用。 同巴比妥类、吗啡等有协同作用。
中 毒 症 状
A state, psychic and sometimes also physical ,resulting from the interaction between a living organism and a drug ,characterised by behavioural and other responses that always include a compulsion to take the drug, on a continuous or periodic basis in order to experience its psychic effect and sometimes to avoid the discomfort of its absence ---WHO report 1974
中毒症状:
急性中毒 ⑴轻度:头痛、嗜睡,可叫醒,反应迟钝 ⑵中度:沉睡,不能言语,眼球震颤 ⑶重度:昏睡,兴奋躁狂,后昏迷,休克,死亡 慢性中毒:皮疹、言语不清、健旺、情绪 不稳、共济失调食欲减退。
中毒致死量:
一般最小致死量为其本身治疗量10倍,变化大。
尸体检验所见: 急死者:一般窒息征象 慢性者:皮疹,肝细胞坏死及胆汁淤积
巴比妥类催眠镇静药中毒
巴比妥类药物是脲和丙二酸 缩合而成, 多为白色粉剂
中毒原因: 自杀,误用或滥用,他杀-麻醉抢劫
Until the early 1970s, the most popular family of drugs for overdose purposes was the barbiturates. Barbiturates are mostly of historical interest. Barbiturates are, of course, CNS depressants.
急性中毒出现暂时兴奋,继而嗜睡、共济失调、 震颤、痉挛、神智模糊,进而昏迷。肌肉松弛, 痛觉消失,反射消失,体温下降,呼吸减慢,血 压下降,瞳孔缩小,紫绀。 死亡是由于抑制中枢神经系统发生呼吸循环衰竭。 吩噻嗪猝死综合症(phenothiazine sudden death syndrome):每日接受大剂量氯丙嗪或 其他吩噻嗪类药物的精神病患者中,由于低血压 危象时痉挛发作,导致窒息、心室纤颤或循环衰 竭而猝死。
Phenothiazine sudden death syndrome
is the sudden unexpected death, Sudden death has occurred in patients who have received phenothiazine, In some cases, the death was apparently due to cardiac arrest; in others, the cause appeared to be asphyxia due to failure of the cough reflex.