1. 概述作为一名网优工程师, 需要牢牢掌握一个完整呼叫的信令流程. 我们做GSM优化, 主要是对Um口要把握的更深些. 尤其是Layer3信令－也就是我们平常做路测的工程师说的层3信令。
关于层3信令，可以参考GSM规范04.08. 对层3信令的准确理解,可以帮助我们快速分析和定位网络问题.2. 理论部分2.1一次完整的主叫流程（含切换）IDLE：DL: SYSTEM INFORMATION TYPE 1：包括小区信道描述和RACH控制参数DL: SYSTEM INFORMATION TYPE 2（2bis，2ter）：邻小区BCCH频点描述，RACH 控制信道，允许的PLMN（扩展邻小区BCCH频点描述+RACH控制信道；扩展邻小区BCCH频点描述2）DL: SYSTEM INFORMATION TYPE 3：CI，LAI，控制信道描述，小区选择，小区选择参数，RACH控制参数DL: SYSTEM INFORMATION TYPE 4：LAI，小区选择参数，RACH控制参数，CBCH 信道描述，CBCH移动配置DL: SYSTEM INFORMATION TYPE 7：小区重选参数DL: SYSTEM INFORMATION TYPE 8：小区重选参数UL: Channel requestDL: Immediate assignment（SDCCH）试呼：UL:CM service request（如果后面直接收到System Information Type1，则视为起呼失败）DL: CM service RequestDL: CM service acceptDL: AUTHENTICATION REQUESTUL: AUTHENTICATION RESPONSEDL: CIPHER MODE COMMANDUL: CIPHER MODE COMPLETEDL: TMSI REALLOCATION COMMANDUL: TMSI REALLOCATION COMPLETEUL: SETUPDL: CALL PROCEEDINGDL: ASSIGNMENT COMMANDUL: ASSIGNMENT COMPLETE （TCH）DL: ALERTING成功起呼：DL: CONNECT（呼叫成功的标志,）UL: CONNECT ACKNOWLEDGEDL: SYSTEM INFORMATION TYPE 5（5bis，5ter）：邻近小区BCCH频点描述（扩展邻近小区BCCH频点描述）DL: SYSTEM INFORMATION TYPE 6：CI，LAI，小区参数设置UL: MEASUREMENT REPORTDL:Handover CommandDL:Physical InformationUL:Handover Complete(切换成功的标志)DL:Physical InformationDL: SYSTEM INFORMATION TYPE 6UL: MEASUREMENT REPORTDL:Disconnect（收到该条消息或Release中的任何一条，则视为正常释放，如果两条消息均未收到，而是直接收到System Information Type1，则视为一次掉话）UL:ReleaseDL:Release CompleteDL:Channel ReleaseUL:Release Complete2.2一次正常的LAR&RAU信令流程：DirectionTypeLayer 3 MessageULRRChannel RequestDLRRImmediate AssignmentULMMLocation Updating RequestULRRClassmark ChangeULRRGPRS Suspension RequestDLMMAuthentication RequestULMMAuthentication ResponseDLMMIdentity RequestULMMIdentity ResponeDLMMLocation Updating acceptULMMTMSI Realocation CompleteDLRRChannel ReleaseULGPRS MMRouting Area Update RequestULRRChannel RequestDLRRImmediate AssignmentDLGPRS MMRouting Area Update AcceptULGPRS MMRouting Area Update Complete2.3 各种情况对应的信令²掉话（既没有Disconnect，也没有Release，则视为掉话）： Paging Request →Channel Request→Immediate Assignment→CM Service Request→CM Service Accept→Setup→Assignment Command→Assignment Complete→Connect/Alerting→System Information Type1²通话正常结束(Disconnect和Release都有或只有其中一个都视为通话正常结束)：Paging Request→Channel Request→Immediate Assignment→CM Service Request→CM Service Accept→Setup→Assignment Command→Assignment Complete→Alerting→Disconnect→Release→Release Complete→Channel Release²呼叫失败： Paging Request→Channel Request→Immediate Assignment→CM Service Request→System Information Type1（在一次呼叫过程中，若连续出现多个CM Service Request，则视为一次呼叫失败）²呼叫成功：Paging Request→Channel Request→Immediate Assignment→CM Service Request→CM Service Accept→Setup→Assignment Command→Assignment Complete→Connect/Alerting²切换成功：Handover Command→Handover Complete²切换失败：Handover Command→Handover Failure2.4常见Disconnect / Release Cause Value: Cause ValueReason31BSS or MSC problem34(beforeAssignmentCommand)TCH Blocking34(after Assignment Complete)MSC Blocking41(after Assignment Command)BSS problem, especially DRI problem41(after Assignment Complete)MSC problem42MSC Congestion44BSS problem, especially the CIC blocking111BSS or MSC problem2.5 两个MS通话的流程MS1 Uplink Channel RequestMS1 Downlink Immediate AssignmentMS1 Uplink CM Service RequestMS1 Downlink CM Service Accept SDCCH分配成功MS1 Uplink SetupMS1 Downlink Call ProceedingMS1 Downlink Assignment CommandMS1 Uplink Assignment Complete TCH分配成功MS2 Uplink Channel RequestMS2 Downlink Immediate AssignmentMS2 Uplink Paging Response SDCCH分配成功MS2 Downlink SetupMS2 Uplink Call ConfirmedMS2 Downlink Assignment CommandMS2 Uplink Assignment Complete TCH分配成功MS2 Uplink AlertingMS1 Downlink AlertingMS2 Uplink ConnectMS2 Downlink Connect AcknowledgeMS1 Downlink ConnectMS1 Uplink Connect AcknowledgeMS1 Uplink DisconnectMS1 Downlink ReleaseMS1 Uplink Release CompleteMS2 Downlink DisconnectMS2 Uplink ReleaseMS1 Downlink Channel ReleaseMS2 Downlink Release CompleteMS2 Downlink Channel Release3. 案例介绍3.1 MS呼叫未接通：问题描述: 在做DT测试过程中发生了一次未接通，地点是LAC区交接处.在DT 测试的行程中，可能发生数次跨LAC区的切换，极易发生掉话或未接通情况。
主要有以下三条信令消息：UL：CHANNEL REQUESTDL：IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENTUL：CM SERVICE REQUEST问题分析: (1)在上行的CM SERVICE REQUEST信令发出后，没有下行的响应，通话状态由起呼直接转为空闲模式（IDLE），由此可以断定发生了一次未接通。
由于上行UL：CM SERVICE REQUEST是MS发起的对SDCCH的申请，发出申请后没有应答，没有出现标志呼叫接通的信令消息，可以断定发生了一次未接通情况。
其原因可能为该服务小区的SDCCH信道拥塞，也可能是由于无线环境的恶化造成SDCCH信令丢失。
因为此次DT测试发生在跨数个LAC的路段，而且是上一个通话刚刚结束，起初判断可能是发生了一次位置更新。
(2) 位置更新信令消息如下：DL：CHANNEL RELEASEUL：CHANNEL REQUEST（开始位置更新）DL：IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENTUL：LOCATION UPDATING REQUESTDL：AUTHENTICATION REQUESTUL：AUTHENTICATION RESPONSEDL：LOCATION UPDATING ACCEPTUL：TMSI REALLOCATION COMPLETEDL：CHANNEL RELEASE结合此例的第三层信令消息来看，例子中MS发出了UL：CM SERVICE REQUEST，并不是UL：LOCATION UPDATING REQUEST，由此可以判断出此例并非是位置更新。