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美国文学考试重点

1.The literature of colonial AmericaWilliam Bradford威廉·布拉德福德(1590年-1657年),五月花号公约签署人之一,于1620年参与创立了普利茅斯殖民地,并在长达30余年的时间里担任普利茅斯总督。

他所撰写的《普利茅斯垦殖记》是关于欧洲新世界殖民史的早期著作之一。

Anne Bradstreet美国女诗人布莱德斯特律1612英格兰比安普敦~1672.9.16,马萨诸塞湾殖民地安多弗美国最早写出真正有价值的英文诗歌的一位女诗人。

她的宗教组诗《沉思集》(Contemplations)受到20世纪文学批评界的重视,被认为是一部不朽之作。

《凡人的虚荣》(Of the vanity of all worldly creatures)、《灵与肉》(The Flesh and the Spirit)、《献给我亲爱的丈夫》(To My Dear and Loving Husband)、《人世正凋萎,万物有终极》(All things within this fading world hath end)、《心痛手颤写诗句》(With troubled heart and trembling hand I write)、《大卫对扫罗和约拿单的哀悼》(David's Lamentation for Sauland Jonathan)Puritan Thoughts美国清教主义从一开始就是一种精神运动,它不仅仅是一种宗教信仰,而且还是一种极端民主与共和的理论。

清教徒在自己的祖国遭受迫害,对英国严酷的社会现实不满而移民到美国。

他们希冀按自己的意欲信仰上帝。

于是,他们致力于建立一个乌托邦式的重视伦理和精神生活的社会模式。

他们崇尚真正的自由——这种真正的自由涵盖了广泛的道德的含义。

他们把一切破坏和蔑视这种自由信念的行为一概斥责为对权威的亵渎。

因此,他们认为自己是一群称之为美国人的新人,命定要建立一个新的世界,为人类建造一座“山上的光辉的城市”。

Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林(Benjamin Franklin)(1706-1790)——资本主义精神最完美的代表,十八世纪美国最伟大的科学家和发明家,著名的政治家、外交家、哲学家、文学家和航海家以及美国独立战争的伟大领袖。

代表作《穷理查年鉴》,英文为《Poor Richard’s Almanack》,又叫《穷理查历书》。

《富兰克林自传》Philip Freneau“Poet of the American Revolution” , “Father of American Poetry”. He was the most significant poet of 18th century America.作品:a)《美洲光辉的兴起》b) 《夜之屋》c)《英国囚船》d)《纪念美国勇士》e)The Wild Honey Suckle f)《印第安人埋葬之地》g)《奄奄一息的印第安人:托姆•柴吉》早期印第安文学美国文学始于印第安人的口传神话、传说、故事和诗歌(全部是歌谣)。

在第一批欧洲人到达北美前,北美的500多种印第安人语言和部落文化中没有书面文学。

因此,美国原住民的口头文学相当多样化。

印第安人的故事表现出对自然界作为精神和肉体的母亲的崇拜。

大自然被视作具有生命力和精神力量;故事的主要人物可能是动物或植物,它们往往是与某个部落、团体或个人有关的图腾。

在后来的美国文学中与印第安人的自然崇拜观念最接近的是拉尔夫·爱默生(Ralph Waldo Emerson)提出的无所不在的“超灵”(Over-Soul)。

The Wild Honey-Suckle 野金银花By Philip FreneauFair flower, that dost so comely grow, 美丽的金银花,Hid in this silent, dull retreat, 你粲然绽放于幽静一角。

Untouched thy honied blossoms blow, 芳菲满枝,无人垂顾,Unseen thy little branches greet; 迎风起舞,无人注目。

...No roving foot shall crush thee here, 游子从不践踏你的玉体,...No busy hand provoke a tear. 过客从不催落你的泪滴。

By Nature's self in white arrayed, 造化令你素裹银妆,She bade thee shun the vulgar eye, 你得以远离庸人的目光。

And planted here the guardian shade, 她赐予你一片绿阴葱葱,And sent soft waters murmuring by; 她带给你一泓流水淙淙。

...Thus quietly thy summer goes, 恬静的夏日倏然流淌,...Thy days declining to repose. 你终于红衰翠减,玉陨香消。

Smit with those charms, that must decay, 妩媚动人,你却无法盛颜久长,I grieve to see your future doom; 落红满地,你令我黯然神伤。

They died--nor were those flowers more gay, 纵然在伊甸乐园,人间天堂,The flowers that did in Eden bloom; 也难免一日凋零,满目凄凉。

...Unpitying frosts, and Autumn's power 萧瑟秋风,凄白秋霜,...Shall leave no vestige of this flower. 你终于消失得无影无踪。

From morning suns and evening dews朝霞暮露,At first thy little being came: 孕育了你娇小的身躯。

If nothing once, you nothing lose, 你从尘土来,又归尘土去,For when you die you are the same; 来时一无所有,去时化作尘土,...The space between, is but an hour, 可叹生命苦短,...The frail duration of a flower. 你终究红消香断。

此诗分为两大部分,前两节写景,后两节抒情。

写景以抒情为目的,抒情以写景为背景,两部分互为烘托,成为不可分割的整体。

诗人以惊喜的目光看到自然界神奇的产物时,心中涌动的是对大自然无限的崇拜之情。

如果说“绿荫”指的是未受人类文明侵犯的新大陆处女地的话,那些“美丽的金银花”则应是大自然创作的生命的具体体现。

诗人用浅显的文字勾画出一片繁荣祥和的景象,在对生命的赞叹中,流露出返璞归真、崇尚自然的情节,充满了浪漫主义情调和理想主义色彩。

The Indian Burying GroundIn spite of all the learned have said,I still my old opinion keep;The posture that we give the dead, Points out the soul's eternal sleep.Not so the ancients of these lands--The Indian, when from life released, Again is seated with his friends,And shares again the joyous feast.His imaged birds, and painted bowl,And venison, for a journey dressed, Bespeak the nature of the soul, Activity, that knows no rest.His bow, for action ready bent,And arrows, with a head of bone,Can only mean that life is spent,And not the finer essence gone.Thou, stranger, that shalt come this way, No fraud upon the dead commit,Yet, marking the swelling turf, and say, They do not lie, but here they sit.Here, still a lofty rock remains,On which the curious eye may trace (Now wasted half by wearing rains)The fancies of a ruder race.Here, still an aged elm aspires,Beneath whose far-projecting shade (And which the shepherd still admires) The children of the forest played.There oft a restless Indian queen,(Pale Marian, with her braided hair)And many a barbarous form is seenTo chide the man that lingers there.By midnight moons, o'er moistening dews, In habit for the chase arrayed,The hunter still the deer pursues,The hunter and the deer-- a shade.And long shall timorous fancy seeThe painted chief, and pointed spear,And reason's self shall bow the kneeTo shadows and delusions here. 不管学者们说过什么我依然坚持我的老观点我们给死者安排的姿势表明了灵魂的永远安眠这地方的古人并不如此——印第安人一朝离开世人就再次同亲友坐在一起重新把欢乐的宴席分享鸟儿的装饰,带彩绘的碗为路上食用备好的鹿肉说明那灵魂具有的特点—它的活动可没有个尽头他的弓随时可以引满而发那一支支按有石镞的箭—这只能说明生命离开他但原来的想法没有改变陌生的人啊,你该来这里但是可不要把死者冤枉--- 把这隆起的草冢看仔细,并说他们是坐而不是躺这还剩一块高高的岩石,虽给雨侵蚀的斑驳无状(精细的眼睛能由此分辨)那原始民族的种种想象还有一颗高耸的老榆树在它伸得远远的影子下(牧羊人对此喜爱如初)林中的孩子们游戏玩耍常有不眠的印第安女王(这是梳辫的浅肤色Pale Sheba)和许多野蛮的形象出场把逗留在那里的人责骂只见他全身行猎的装束在月明露重的午夜时分这猎手仍在把鹿儿追可这猎手和鹿都是幽灵纹身的酋长,锋利的矛尖畏怯的想象将久久看见而理智本身会对之屈膝在这种种的幽灵、幻象前The poem is about an Indian culture, especially and Indian funeral. It describes death in this tradition, which is looked at as rude and savage. Still, the speaker reveals a lot about its strength and beauty as the poem goes on. It is a message inviting people to understand this culture as it is without prejudices.Unlike the white man's tradition, in the Indian's, the dead Indian is dressed in special clothes as though celebrating a happy event. Death in the Indian tradition has a different meaning. It is no longer that sad and dreadful event that everyone is afraid of. The dead person becomes a warrior who protects the land. This explains his posture and the way he is dressed in. The conception of death in this culture makes of it a different one from the white man's.2.The literature of romanticismWashington Irving华盛顿·欧文是19世纪美国最著名的作家,号称美国文学之父。

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