英汉语篇衔接对比与翻译【2004年8级测试汉译英】①在人际关系问题上我们不要太浪漫主义。
②人是很有趣的，往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点。
③这一点颇像是在餐馆里用餐的经验。
④开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候，印象很好。
⑤吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。
⑥愈吃愈趋于冷静，吃完了这顿宴席，缺点就都找出来了。
⑦于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。
⑧这是因为，第一，开始吃的时候你正处于饥饿状态，而饿了吃糠甜加蜜，饱了吃蜜也不甜。
⑨第二，你初到一个餐馆，开始举筷时有新鲜感，新盖的茅房三天香，这也可以叫做“陌生化效应”吧。
Cohesive devices 衔接手段1. reference 照应2. substitution 替代3. ellipsis 省略4. conjunction 连接5. lexical cohesion 词汇衔接----- Halliday & HasanCohesion in English重复与替代汉英两种语言的部分语篇衔接手段在使用上有所偏重，汉语更常使用原词复现和省略，而英语则更多使用照应和替代。
汉语倾向于用重复手段，而英语倾向于用替代手段。
汉语不喜欢使用同义替代的手段，因为会使精神分散；也不喜欢使用代词，因为容易变得所指不明。
结果由于强调重复，反而变成了某种意义上的“形合”。
开始吃的时候你正处在饥饿状态，而饿了吃糠甜加蜜…as you start eating you are in hunger, and when you are in hunger chaff tastes as honey…（学生译文）…as you start eating you are in hunger, when chaff tastes sweet as honey…（参考译文）他这时来了，而这时我根本想不到他会来。
He came at a time when I least expected him.那是一个寒冷潮湿的晚上，这样的晚上大部分人待在家里。
It was one of those cold, wet evenings when most people stayed at home.Vice versa 用来替代汉语两个子句意思是相对的，转折的，英语可用替代词vice versa，the other way roundE.g.We gossip about them and vice versa . (they gossip about us )为了推动中美关系的发展，中国需要进一步了解美国，美国也需要进一步了解中国。
To promote the development of China U.S. relations, China needs to know the United States and vice versa.饿了吃糠甜加蜜，饱了吃蜜也不甜1. Even chaff tastes sweet as honey when one is hungry, whereas honey doesn’t taste sweet at all when one is full. (S1)For hungry ones ordinary food becomes a delicious one as if it is mixed with honey, however when they are full, even honey will not taste so sweet. (S2)The least tasteful food taste sweet when you are hungry, while the sweetest honey tastes nothing special when you’re full. (S3)Husks will taste like honey when you are hungry, and vice versa. （参考译文）省略省略和替代一样，也是避免重复的一个常用手段。
两者常常互相替代使用。
也称作“零位替代” zero-substitution省略与英语以形合为主，汉语以意合为主的结论并不矛盾。
对英语来说，省略是形合的补充；而对汉语来说，省略是对意合的补充。
动词性省略Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人精确。
Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。
他们忘记了少数服从多数，下级服从上级，局部服从全体，全党服从中央的民主集中制。
They forget the system of democratic centralism in which the minority is subordinate to the majority, the lower level to the higher level, the part to the whole and the entire membership to the Central Committee.于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。
Consequently, delight changes to anger; praise changes to blame; and nodding head changes to shaking head.Consequently, satisfaction is switched into anger, compliment into blame and fastidiousness, and nodding into shaking one’s head.Therefore, happiness turns into anger, praise into criticism, and head-nodding into head-shaking.Consequently, your joy would give way to anger; your praises would to criticism or even fault-finding; and your nodding in agreement to shaking the head. (参考译文）名词性省略正因为是一种以意合为主的语言，汉语中最常见的省略是主语的省略，而谓语的省略则较少。
申小龙（1989：196）则把汉语中主语的省略看作是“汉民族天人合一的哲学思想在语言中的表现”，因而汉语中的主语往往可以蕴涵在行为事件的主观表现中。
以汉语为母语的人的传统思维中还常常反映出某种隐性的主体意识。
隐性主体意识的典型表现是汉语中大量无主句与主语省略的运用。
（刘宓庆，1992：334）④（你）开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候，印象很好。
⑤（你）吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。
⑥（你）愈吃愈趋于冷静，（你）吃完了这顿宴席，缺点就都找出来了。
⑦于是（你）转喜为怒，（你）转赞美为责备挑剔，（你）转首肯为摇头。
Starting to eat the first dish, impression is good. It’s also very delicious when eating the first two main dishes. Having finished it all the disadvantages are found out. Then turn from happy to angry, praise to blame, yes to no. (学生译文）You will be not only favorably impressed with the first dish or cold dishes, but also profuse in praise of the first two courses. However, the more you have, the more sober you become until the dinner ends up with all the flaws exposed. Consequently, your joy would give way to anger; your praises to criticism or even fault-finding; and your nodding in agreement to shaking the head.范畴词(category words) 的省略范畴词用来表达行为、现象、属性等概念所属的范畴，是言语常用的特指手段。
英语往往避免形状、数量、性质等的同义反复。
We have winked at these irregularities too long.我们对这些越轨行为宽容得太久了。
He was described as impressed by Deng’s flexibility.据说他对邓的灵活态度印象很深。
What they wanted most was an end of uncertainties. 那时他们最渴望的就是结束这摇摆不定的局面。
圆形round (in shape)小型small (in size)少量few (in number)红色red (in color)苦味bitter (in taste)人际关系问题interpersonal relation (problem)用餐的经验dining (experience)饥饿状态in (a state) of hunger新鲜感freshness (feeling)连接人是很有趣的，往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点Human beings are interesting. When it is the first time you meet a person, you only notice his or her merits. (S1)People are interesting and get the first impression of his or her merits when they communicate. (S2)People are very interesting, for when meeting somebody, they usually focus on his or her strong points. (S3)Human beings are very interesting in that when they get into contact with someone what they first see is often his or her good point only. (S4)Human beings are interesting in that they tend to first see good in a new acquaintance. （参考译文）④开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候，印象很好。