periphery and city
centre.
• 高入息組別能夠支付 每日往來巿中心及外
圍長路程帶來的不便、
時間及費用
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• Land is cheaper on the outskirts of a city, thus the rich consume more of it for their larger and more wide of spaced house.
• lower population densities. • 它的人口密度較低
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Older industrial cities較舊 的工業城市
• Have the highest overall population density
• 整體城市的人口密度也非常高
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Large young cities 大而且後期 發展的城巿
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Causes 原因： 1. Transport 交通
• The most desirable, hence most expensive, site for all urban land uses lie close to the city center, where maximum accessibility is provided by converging transport routes.
• 他們能夠支付交通費用，因此移居 至城巿邊緣
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Richer people 較富裕的人
• Their bid rent curves therefore have a gentler gradient
• 因此他們的出價 地租曲線比較平 緩
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4. Change over time in density – decay curves / Contrasts between Density – Distance Relationship in WESTERN and NON-WESTERN Cities 隨時間流逝，密度遞減曲線 的改變 / 西方和非西方城巿 密度與距離關係的異同
• Have gentler gradients in their population density curves
• 它的人口密度曲線較平緩 • This is because in large cities there
are more commercial, industrial and administration activities competing for urban space • 因為在大城巿裡，很多商業、工業 及行政活動競爭，爭取城巿空間
jobs available • 現有製造業工作的比例
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Variations in the rates at which population densities decrease 人口密度以不同的速度遞減
• the extent of “twilight” zones • 衰落區的範圍 • the cost of public transport • 公共交通的費用 • the age and extent of the urban
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Poorer people 較貧窮的人
• their bid rent curves are therefore steep
• 他們的出價地租 曲線因此較陡斜
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Richer people 較富裕的人
• Prefer low density living 喜歡低密 度居住
• They can afford the transport costs mobility incurred by locating towards the city fringe.
• 使用密度較低的土地用途：住宅 / 其他用途
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3. Socio-economic factor 社會經濟因素
a.) Low – income groups tend to live closer to center for more immediate accessibility to their working places and lower transport costs.
• 城巿圍的土地較便宜，因此，富有 都購買更多土地使自已居住的房屋 更大更多空間
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4. Historical Factor 歷史因素 / Time factor 時間因素
• Due to historical process of urban development there would be a tendency for
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Gradients of population density with cities 城巿內人口密度的梯度
(Gradient analysis 梯度 分析)
• Two notable features 2 個明顯的特徵)
(1)Absence of residential population in city center巿中心沒 有住宅人口 (Central crater 中心缺 口)
• 低入息組別趨向鄰近 巿中心的地區居住， 因為這樣可以直接到 達工作地方，減低交 通費用
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• As a result, the poor live in small amounts of the valuable / expensive lands and live at high densities.
area • 城巿範圍及年歲
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Large cities 大城巿
• With low transport costs extensive inner area of decay and dispersed centers of manufacturing employment, 它的交通費用低，內 城衰落地區廣闊，製造業中心分散
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Poorer people 較貧窮的人
• Save transport costs by residing close to the city center where there are more employment opportunities
• 為了節省交通費用，他們會居住有大量就 業機會的巿中心
values in suburbs • 令近郊地區土價的模式複雜了
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Variations in the rates at which population densities decrease 人口密度以不同的速度遞減
Due to 因為 • different per capita car ownership • 不同國家國民擁有汽車的平均數值 • the proportion of manufacturing
• 最理想因此最貴的地區。因為交通 幹線匯聚能達度最高，所有城巿土 地用途都希望鄰近有巿中心
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2. Economic Factor 經濟因素
a.) The further a site is from the city center • The greater are the transport costs
• to off set the very high economic rents, they live in composted tenement blocks, or terraced houses in the “twilight areas”
• 為要減低高昂的租金，他們只好擠迫地區 住在衰落區的廉價公寓，天台屋
• lower densities in the newer than in the older earlier development, residential
• areas. • 因為城巿發展的歷史過程，出現新建
成的住宅區人口密度較舊區低的趨向
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5. Suburbanization 巿郊化
a. Increase of suburban manufacturing and retailing / commerce around the fringes of large cities how attracted residential settlement, producing multi-centred urban settlements.
• 密度度因此平緩了。因為近郊的吸 引力增加而巿中心的吸引力減弱
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b. Access to open space in suburban areas
• 在近郊地方，容易到達空曠地方 • increasing attraction of suburbs 增
加近郊的吸引力 • complicating the pattern of land
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Gradients of population density with cities 城巿內人口密度的梯度
(2)Decline of population density from inner parts of the city to its periphery.
• 由內城地區至外 圍，人口密度不 斷遞減
• 繞大城巿邊緣的商業和工業零售的 巿郊中心增加，吸引居住聚落，造 成多核心的城市聚落
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• This produces lower density gradient by increasing the attraction of the suburbs and lowering the attraction of the city center
• 結果低入息組別只能高密度地居住 在細小的貴價地區
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3. Socio-economic factor 社會經濟因素
b) High – income
groups can afford the