第8章英国的外交关系8.1 复习笔记I. Britain then and now1. The end of British Empire2. Britain todayII. The foundations of Britain’s Foreign Policy1. Imperial history2. Geopolitical traitsIII. How foreign policy is made?1. The Prime Minister and Cabinet2. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO)3. The Ministry of Defense4. The Department of Trade and Industry5. The Treasury6. Electorate7. Foreign relationsIV. Britain and international institutions1. A member of UN Security Council (UNSC)2. A member of European Union (EU)3. A member of CommonwealthV. Britain and the United States1. “Special relationship”2. Ups and downsVI. Britain security and defense1. Britain’s defense power2. Britain’s defense policyI. Britain then and now（历史和现状）1. The end of British Empire（大英帝国的瓦解）(1) In 1946, Jordan in the Middle East was granted independence.(2) In 1947, India and Pakistan followed suit.(3) In 1948, Burma (now Myanmar) and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) was grantedindependence and left the Commonwealth as well.(1) 1946年，位于中东地区的约旦宣告独立。
(2) 1947年，印度和巴基斯坦相继独立。
(3) 1948年，缅甸、锡兰(即斯里兰卡) 宣告独立并脱离了英联邦。
2. Britain today（今天的英国）(1) Britain now participates as an equal number of European Union (EU) .(2) It has independent nuclear deterrent and technologically advanced armedforces.(3) Its economy ranks about sixth in the world.(1) 在欧盟拥有与他国平等的席位。
(2) 具备独立的核威慑力量和先进的军队。
(3) 经济位列世界第六。
II. The foundations of Britain’s Foreign Policy（外交政策建立的基础）1. Imperial history（帝国史）(1) The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperialhistory.(2) As Britain lost its empire so recently, British policy-makers frequently forget thatBritain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs.(1) 英国现行外交政策受其帝国史影响很深。
(2) 由于大英帝国才刚刚瓦解不久，英国的政策制定者经常会忘记英国在国际事务中已不再像过去那么具有影响力了。
2. Geopolitical traits（地缘政治特点）(1) Another decisive influence upon the way Britain handles its external affairs isgeopolitical attitude to Europe.(2) Britain’s island isolation has created a sense of psychological isolation in itsinhabitants, which results in Britain’s schizophrenic attitude to Europe.(3) But Britain’s physical isolation has long been diminished by the developmentof airlines and more recently by the opening of the Channel Tunnel, which links Britain to continental Europe.(1) 影响英国处理外交事务的另一个决定性因素就是地缘政治。
(2) 英国的岛国特征使英国人心理上产生与世隔绝的感觉，这导致英国对欧洲的态度反复无常。
(3) 这种与世隔绝的状况随着空运的发展及连接英国与欧洲大陆的海底隧道的开通而逐渐缓和。
III. How foreign policy is made? （外交政策的制定）1. The Prime Minister and Cabinet（首相和内阁）The general direction of Britain’s foreign policy is mainly decided by the Prime Minister and Cabinet.英国首相和内阁共同决定英国外交政策的总方向。
2. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) （英国外交与联邦事务所(即外交部) ）The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the main government department, plays a significant role in the making of Britain’s foreign policy.外交政策涉及的主要部门是外交部，这个部门在对外政策上扮演重要角色。
3. The Ministry of Defense（国防部）It is responsible for ensuring Britain’s defense and managing Britain’s involvement in its military treaty commitment.国防部确保英国的国防并负责履行英国在军事同盟中应尽的义务。
4. The Department of Trade and Industry（贸易产业部）It is concerned with formulating international trade policy and managing British commercial relations with other countries.贸易产业部负责制定对外贸易政策，和处理英国与其他各国的商业关系。
5. The Treasury（财政部）It makes decisions on how much money other departments can have each year. 财政部决定每年各部门周转资金的数额。
6. Electorate（选民）Since Britain is a parliamentary democracy, the government’s foreign policy in theory represents the desires of its electorates.由于英国是议会制民主国家，从理论上讲，政府的外交政策代表的是全体选民的意愿。
7. Foreign relations（外交关系）(1) Nowadays Britain is not powerful enough to act independently, so its foreignpolicy is largely shaped by its participation in a number of important institutions.(2) Another major factor which influences British foreign policy is its relationshipwith the United States.(1) 如今英国已经没有足够的力量单独达到外交政策目标，它的外交政策在很大程度上依赖于加入重要的国际性组织。
(2) 英国同美国的关系也是影响英国外交政策的一个主要因素。
IV. Britain and international institutions（英国和国际组织）1. A member of UN security council (UNSC) （联合国安全理事会成员）(1) Britain is one of the five permanent members on the UN security council, alongwith the Russia, the United States, China and France.(2) This membership enables Britain to retain the ability to have large influence onthe world affairs.(1) 英国是联合国安理会的五个常任理事国之一。
其他四个为俄罗斯、美国、中国和法国。
(2) 作为安理会成员，英国对国际事务的决策有很大影响。
2. A member of European Union (EU) （欧洲联盟成员国）(1) Britain joined the European Economic Community in 1973, which has beencalled European Union since 1993.(2) Britain’s participation in the EU remains controversial.At the center of thecontroversy is the future of EU.①The UK has always been interested in encouraging free trade betweencountries and is therefore very supportive of the EU as a free trade area.Britain likes to regard the EU as place where economic cooperation is possible and where a flow of trained personnel and goods are possible.②Britain is less certain about the possibility of EU becoming a king of federal“super-state”.。