There is no need for you to worry about this.
• 1）论文我们已经写了一大半了。 • We have finished a good part of the papers • 3）这些材料我们只够盖一栋房子。 • We could only build one house with these materials.
• ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้语选择合适, 便于构句
• 因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会是与外界隔绝的。这 种隔绝状态，由于通讯工具不足，就变得更加严重了。 • a. Due to Long distances and lack of transport facilities, the rural areas are isolated from the outside world，which is made more serious by the lack of communication instruments. • (基本保留了原文句法结构)
The Choice of Subjects 主语的选择
分析下列句子的主谓结构
• • • • • • • • 1. 钱你不用还了。 2.这锅饭能吃十个人。 3. 这匹马骑着两个人。 4.被人缠上是件讨厌的事。 5.老子打儿子，天经地义。 6.上面坐着主席团。 7.从她那儿能找到解决问题的办法。 8.说的是古代的一个老头，名叫愚公。
• 汉语是重内容的语言，“形散神聚”是汉语句子的特点。因此汉 语被称作是典型的“意合”语言。汉语中的主语不像英语的主语 那样容易确定， “主语－谓语”形式的句子在汉语里比例是不大 的，因此在汉语语法中出现了主题（话题）(Topic)这一概念。 我国著名学者赵元任（1968）说：“把主语、谓语当作话题和说 明来看待,比较合适” 。汉 语属于“主题突出”型（Topicprominent）语言。
• 汉译英中，主语的 确立是句子翻译的第一步。选择了一定的主 语，基本决定了句子构造的走向。主语选择恰当，句子就便于 构造了。常常选择不同成分作主语，决定了不同的组句方式。 例如：
人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。 A. A person can not be judged from his appearance just as an ocean can not be measured by pints. • B. It is impossible to judge people from their appearances, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints. • C. We can’t judge people from their appearance, just as we can’t measure the ocean by pints.
1.汉语为主题语言；主题+述题结构;主语句法功能弱
英语为主语语言:
主语+谓语结构;主语句法功能强
例如:
这件事你不用操心.
主题 述题
译:This you don’t need to worry about.
You don’t need to worry about this.
This is not something you need to worry about.
1）热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作，建立和 发展贸易关系。 Customers from various countries and regions are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contacts. 2) 希望今后上海能够与更多的外国城市结为友好城市。
It is hoped that Shanghai will establish friendly relations with more foreign cities in the future.
3) 经常接触某人或某事往往会让人产生喜欢。 Frequent exposure to something or someone will cause liking.
主语的选择和确立
英语的主语主要有七大类
1、施动主语（agentive subject) Susan is growing flowers. 2、受动主语(affected subject) Her books translate well. 3、工具主语（instrumental subject） A stone broke the glass. 4、地点主语 (locative subject) The jar contains honey. 5、时间主语 (temporal subject) Yesterday was Monday. 6、事件主语 (eventive subject) The dispute over the problem lasted a decade. 7、it 作主语,表时间、气候或距离：It is late./It is hot. it 作形式主语：It is impossible to finish the work.
• b. Long distances and lack of transport facilities make the rural areas isolated from the outside world，which is made more serious by the lack of communication instruments. • （部分保留原文句法机构）
• 英汉语比 较: 主语 比较 • • 英语属于偏重形式的语言，一个句子要独立表达一个完整的意 思，必须包含主语和谓语两个组成部分，英语中绝大部分句子 都是按“主语－谓语”形式构建而成的。主语与谓语的关系是施 动者与动作的关系。根据美国语言学家所提出的语言类型学观 点，英语属于“主语突出”型（Subject-prominent）语言。