名词用法归纳-标准化文件发布号:(9556-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII名词用法归纳 March 16, 2008一.名词的分类:名词分为专有名词和普通名词。
专有名词: 人名, 地名, 机构等名称。
如:Tom,Shanghai , Beijing University 普通名词: 某类人或东西中的个体。
如:boy, dog, country集体名词: 若干个体组成的集合体。
如:family, team, police物质名词: 无法分为个体的实物。
如:air, water, food抽象名词: 动作, 状态, 感情等抽象概念。
如:progress, health, fun(注意:普通名词和集体名词可数。
物质名词和抽象名词不可数。
)二.名词的数:可数名词都有单数和复数之分。
1.规则的可数名词的复数变化规则1) 一般情况加 s 。
如:books, mouths, houses2) 以 s , sh , ch , x结尾的加 es。
如:classes , boxes, matches (但stomachs)3) 辅音字母 + y结尾的变 y为 ies。
如:cities, countries, parties4) 以 o 结尾的词多数 + es。
如:heroes, tomatoes, potatoes, zeroes / zeros以 o 结尾并且词尾有两个元音字母 +s。
如:radios, zoos, bamboos(但pianos , kilos,photos)5) 以f, fe 结尾的多数 + es。
如:leaves , lives ,wolvesThe thief’s wife killed three wolves with some leaves and knives in ha lf of her life.但:也有一些 + s。
如:roofs , proofs, gulfs, beliefs(handkerchiefs / handkerchieves)6)特殊变化的名词。
foot--- feet tooth--- teeth2goose---geese ox---oxenchild--- children mouse---miceman / woman--- men / women2. 名词词尾的读音规则1)在[ p] [t] [k] [f]等清辅音后读[s]。
如:cups, cakes,roofs2) 在[s] [z] [∫] [t∫]等音后读[iz]。
如:glasses, faces, roses3) 在其他情况下读作[z]。
如:beds, days, knives4) 以th结尾的词原来读清辅音,加词尾后多数读浊辅音。
如: mouth—mouths, path—paths但也有不变化的,如: month—months, ninth—ninths, youth—youths(但houses)3. 不规则的可数名词的变化规则1) man—men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, child—children,mouse—mice, goose---geese, ox---oxen2) 单复数相同: sheep, fish, deer, means, Chinese, Japanese, works,fish等。
如表示不同种类的鱼时复数是fishes。
如:There are many kinds of fishes in that lake.3) 以man, woman 修饰名词构成合成词时, 两个词都变化。
man servant — men servants. (但boy / girl students)woman doctor — women doctors.4.复合名词的复数形式son-in-law — sons-in-law , looker-on — lookers-on 主体名词变化。
film-goer — film-goers, grown-up — grown-ups 没有主体名词,词尾加复数。
5.字母,阿拉伯数字的复数形式一般加’s 或 sThere are two l’s in the word “ all ”.Your 7’s and 9’s look alike.3It happened in the 1960’s /1960s.I will not accept your if’s and but’s.6. 物质名词一般没有复数,有时用复数形式表示不同种类。
wheats, foods, fruits, vegetables有时表示比原文更广的词义:wood—woods, water—waters, sand—sands, manner—manners7. 抽象名词一般不可数;但是如果表示某一具体的情况,或各种各样的也有可数名词的用法。
He jumped with joy.My children are a great joy to me.8. 定冠词加姓氏的复数表示一家人。
the Turners, the Smiths, the Wangs9. 集体名词people, police, cattle 总是作复数。
( people 作民族、种族时, 有单复数两种形式)Many cattle are kept on the farm.Several police were on duty.The Chinese are a brave and hard-working people.The English are a funny people.10. 集体名词class, public, family, population, team, crew, committee 等单复数都有,但意义不同。
The class is big.The class are taking notes in English.(前者看作整体,后者强调每一个人。
)The population in China is larger.80% of the population in China are peasants. (同上)11. hair, fruit 通常作单数,表示总体。
His hair is grey.4They have a rich harvest of fruit almost every year.如果表示若干根头发,表示种类的水果时,可以加复数词尾。
He had a few white hairs. 他有几根白发。
Are fruits on sale in this season这个季节有水果销售吗?12. 以s 结尾的学科名词只作单数。
mathematics , physics, politics, 等。
13. glasses, trousers, scissors, shoes, spectacles,等常用复数;但如果这些词前用a pair of …/ this pair of…/ that pair of…等修饰时谓语动词由pair 来决定。
Where are my glassesMy new pair of trousers is too long.Here are some new pairs of shoes.14. 不可数名词没有复数形式,常考的不可数名词有:progress, advice, fun, practice, news, information, knowledge, weather,equipment, furniture, clothing, jewellery, luggage, baggage, food, bread,nature, space…如果表示“一个”的概念,可用单位词。
a piece of news / information / advice / bread / cake / paper / meat / coal /equipment / furniturea bottle of ink, a grain of rice , a cake of soap抽象名词具体化可加不定冠词,如:a pleasure, a surprise, a help, a success,a failure, a shock, a pity, a shame, a joy, a sorrow, a difficulty, a trouble15. 名词作定语1)表示用途:a coffee cup 咖啡杯a tobacco company 烟草公司5a vegetable garden2)表示材料:a stone bridge 石桥paper money 纸币a diamond necklace 钻石项链3)表示时间或地点:winter holiday 寒假morning paper 晨报city people 市民4) 表示类别:a shoe shop, street lights, seat belts, a telephone number, waterpollution 水污染,body temperature 体温,weight problem 体温5)表示身份:a woman doctor,a boy student注意:名词作定语常用单数: shoe shop,college students,basketball match但man / woman 随后边名词变化: a woman doctor,two women doctorsa man doctor,two men doctors6) 有些只用复数做定语a sports meeting, a goods traina sales manager, a customs officer三. 名词的所有格:1.有生命的名词所有格的构成1)一般在词尾加’s: the tea cher’s office,today’s newspaper2)以 s 结尾的复数名词只加’:workers’ rest homes工人疗养所the masses’ request群众的请求3) 不以s结尾的复数名词加’s:children’s toys4) 复合名词只在最后一个词的后面加’s: my sister-in-law’s brother65) 表示共同所有的几个名词,只在最后一个词的后面加’s:This is Tom, Bob and Dick’s room.6) 表示各个所有关系的几个名词,在每个名词后分别加’sat Mr. Green’s , at my uncle’s, at the tailor’sJenny’s, Jean’s and Mary’s rooms face to the south.7) 名词短语只在最后一个词后加’sa quarter of an hour’s talk, a ten minutes’ drive, a four days’ holiday2. 名词所有格的用法:1) 名词所有格主要用于表示有生命的名词,表示所属关系。