Traditional Testing Approach
• What: grammatical rules, word formation, word usage
• How: written test, no oral test • Question type: subjective, like translation,
etc.
1.4 Pragmatic & Communicative Testing Stage 语用交际测试阶段
• From the 1980s (功能语言观) • Communicative approach • From language usage to language use • Pragmatic approach
验)
理论基础：
• 语言学中的结构主义语言观：语言=语音+词汇+句式+ 语法，语言能力可以分解为具体的部分来考查。
• 心理学中的行为主义教育论：刺激反应式学习方式， 反复练习。
• 心理测量学：依据一定的心理学理论，运用一定的操 作程序，把人的知识、能力、性格、态度等心理特性 和行为进行量化。
• Emphasizing reliability （信度）and validity （效度） • Emphasizing objective and accurate assessment, • Objective questions dominate, particularly multiple
structure 语言层面 • Language proficiency：being assessed from the
aspects of listening, speaking, reading and writing 技能层面
1.3 Integrative-Sociolinguistic Testing 综合-社会语言学测试
1. History of Langauge Testing and Assessment
A Sketchy History
1.1 Pre-scientific Stage 前科学阶段
1.2 Psychometric-Structuralist Testing Stage 心理测量学-结构主义测试阶段
参照性和常模参照性 • Tests Classified According to Testing Purposes • Discrete-point & Integrative Tests 分立式和综合测试 • High stakes & Low-stakes Tests 高风险和低风险
2.1 Formative & Summative
Testing & Assessment
in ELT
英语教学中的测试与评价方法
Outline
1. A sketchy history 2. Types of language tests 3. Testing techniques 4. Criteria for good language tests 5. Constructing multiple-choice questions 6. Critical discussion
Formative Assessment: • Being carried out throughtout the course; • Diagnostic purpose; • Assessment for learning; • Teacher or learner-initiated
composition, written questions
1.2 Psychometric-Structuralist Testing 心理测量-结构主义测试
• Since the 1950s • Theoretical guidance • Features • Audiolingual method 听说法 • Discrete-point testing approach(分项测验/分立式测
• Integrity of language/whole language • Assessing with tasks • Accuracy, fluency and appropriateness • Communicative competence
2. Types of Language Tic Testing Stage 综合-社会语言学测试阶段
1.4 Pragmatic and Communicative Testing Stage 语用交际测试阶段
1.1 Pre-scientific Stage
• Before the 1940s • Grammar-translation method 语法翻译法 • Traditional testing approach
choices. • Analyzing testing results statistically • Enjoying a high reliability 信度高
Discrete-point Testing
• A question only assesses one language point • Testing: conducted at different levels of language
Types of Language Tests
• Formative & Summative Tests; 形成性和总结性 • Objective & Subjective Tests; 客观性和主观性 • Criterion-referenced & Norm-referenced Tests;标准
• Since the mid-1970s （动态语言观） • Integrative skill tests 综合技能测试 • Assess a learner's ability to use many bits at the
same time. • Question types：cloze//composition/oral interview,