1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Source: CEC Demand Analysis Office
2006
2004 Refrigerator sales in ten EU countries 2004年欧盟销售的冰箱能效水平 2004年欧盟销售的冰箱能效水平
Consideration for Incentive Policy Design 激励机制设计
Targets may be provided in several tiers. 可对目标分批, 可对目标分批,分级实现 An administrative structure to oversee incentive awarding 建立管理机构来监督激励项目的实施
Delivery Mechanisms 实施机制
State agency grants or loans 政府机构拨款或贷款 Tax incentives at national or provincial level designed by officials 由政府部门决定国家或地方的税收激励 State or national tax incentives fixed by legislation or decree. 通过立法或法令确定州级或国家级的税收激励
Annual drop averages 4% per year 平均每年下降4% 平均每年下降 100%
kWh/YEAR
2,000
1,500
1,000
33%
500 1992 Federal Appliance Standard 1992年联邦电器节能标准 年联邦电器节能标准
0
1970
1972
1974
Funding Sources 资金来源
General government revenues 一般性政府财政投入 Public Benefits Fund for utility customers 公共效益基金 Carbon taxes or pollution taxes 碳税或污染税 Enhanced revenue collection from businesses 提高企业征税
示范
Training Programs 培训项目
Mandatory
Voluntary
Energy Codes and Standards Most Important Policies for EE 能效标准是最重要的节能政策之一 Savings Exceed 6,000 MW in California today and 13,000 MW as of Year 2010 (Compared to About 45,000 MW of Total Electricity). 在美国加州,今天的能源节约超过6000兆瓦, 在美国加州,今天的能源节约超过6000兆瓦 兆瓦, 2010年将超过 年将超过13000兆瓦 与大约45000兆瓦 兆瓦( 到2010年将超过13000兆瓦(与大约45000兆瓦 的总耗电量相比) 的总耗电量相比) Fuel Cost Savings Are at Least Twice the Cost of Efficiency. 燃料成本的节约至少是节能成本的两倍
Programmes Aimed at Industry and Business 项目针对工商行业
Climate Change Levy and Agreements 气候变化收费和协议 UK Emissions Trading Scheme 国内排放交易 Carbon Trust 碳基金 Enhanced Capital Allowances 为企业提高能效提供资金支持 EU Emissions Trading Scheme 欧盟内部排放交易
50
60%
40
30
Refrigerators冰箱 冰箱
25%
20 1972
1976
1980
1984
1988 Year
1992
1996
2000
Source: S. Nadel, ACEEE, in ECEEE 2003 Summer Study,
Annual Usage of Air Conditioning in New Homes in California 加州新建住宅年空调用电量
49,1
52,6 61 70 66 32 33 26,1 7,9 24,3
3,4 5
45,7
31,5
32,7 12,8 6,8 9,5 15,5 6,3
3,8
6,4
3,5
4,3
10,7
by GfK MS, - Italy - SDA-MDA Dept.
Tax Incentives 税收激励
Administrative Mechanisms 管理机制
UtilityUtility-run rebate programs. 公用事业部门实施的补贴项目 Private sector or non-profit programs. non私营部门或非营利部门 Provincial or national Energy or Environmental Agency administration of programs. 由地方或国家的能源或环境机构来实施项目 Finance Ministry processes applications. 财政部门处理相关申请手续
– – – – To maintain integrity 需要监督来保证公正性 not burdensome 程序不应该太繁琐 Compliance documentation should have market value 达标证书应该具有市场价值
Provide complementary programs for education, outreach, and marketing of the tax incentives. 要针对激励政策开展教育,推广以及宣传活动,提高效果 要针对激励政策开展教育,推广以及宣传活动,
Sales Units %
Average
4,8
AT
2,8
BE
DE
ES
FR
UK
IT
3,2
NL
PT
SE
3,2
11
7 32,5
6
21,2 35,1 47,2 57,9 65,7 47,6 38,1 16,8 7,2
3
53,4
Energy Class A ++ Energy Class A + Energy Class A Energy Class B Energy Class C Others
PerformancePerformanceBased基于绩效 – Incentive depends only on meeting an energy target
– 激励程度取决于 要满足的某一节 能目标
Cost-Based基于成 Cost-Based基于成 本
– Incentive depends only on how much you spend on energy efficiency – 激励程度取决于由 于提高能源效率而 导致的成本增加
30,000
25,000
GWH 百万千瓦时
20,000
15,000
Utility Programs 电力公司的节能项目 Building Standards 建筑节能标准 Appliance Standards 家用电器节能标准
10,000
5,000
0
美国的冰箱能耗与价格演变
Impact of Standards on Efficiency of 3 Appliances 标准对3种电器节能的影响 标准对 种电器节能的影响
Consideration for Incentive Policy Design 激励机制设计
Part of a broad energy policy package,Provide for package, positive interaction between energy codes, labels, and financial incentives. 是综合能源政策的一部分,与能源法规,标准,标识产生 是综合能源政策的一部分,与能源法规,标准, 积极互动 Incentives should be based on performance and not cost, whenever possible. 尽可能使激励手段基于绩效而非成本 Energy performance goals should be ambitious enough to: 节能绩效目标应该能: 节能绩效目标应该能: – Minimize free ridership 使"搭便车"行为减至最少 搭便车" – Control costs 考虑承受能力,控制成本 考虑承受能力,
促进节能的政策措施 Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures
能源基金会北京代表处 Energy Foundation Beijing Office 2006年5月 May 2006 年 月
中 国
可
持
续
能
源
项
目
The China Sustainable Energy Program
110 = Effective Dates of National Standards = Effective Dates of State Standards 90