第六部分随钻测量技术随钻测量与地质导向工具是一项钻井技术的“地下革命”盐丘定向钻井技术在勘探、开发中的功用海上或陆地丛式井工程救险井因事故复杂进行侧钻多目标勘探与开发控制断层钻探水平井进行开发地面条件限制大位移定向井侧钻分支井6.1 随钻测量信息系统概述随钻测量系统MWD EM ˙MWD FM ˙MWD实时动态数据测量储存系统井下动态信息测储设备近钻头测量系统LWD 空间姿态测量系统钻头前方探测系统SWD地面监测录井系统综合录井仪八参数仪地面模拟器地面与井下数据储存、分析与显示系统地面或远方决策与总控系统微电脑一微电脑二微电脑三(上行测量信息通道)6.1.1 随钻信息测量-控制-通讯流程图地面控制设备环空/钻柱井下控制机构井下执行机构钻头/工具6.1.2 随钻测量系统发展∙MWD ——measure while drilling∙EM.MWD ——eleetronic measure MWD∙FE.MWD ——formtion Evaluation MWD ∙DWD ——Diagnostic-While-Drilling∙LWD——logging while drilling∙SWD——seismic while drilling∙GST ——Geosteering Tool6.1.3 随钻测量参数∙井斜、方位、工具面、井下钻压、井下扭矩、马达转速∙井下振动、伽马射线、地层电阻率、密度∙方位中子密度、中子孔隙度、环室温度∙探测各种异常地层压力、预测钻头磨损状况∙探测井下异常情况及故障分析∙通过井下存储可实现测井的全井图像分析6.1.4 随钻测量数据传输系统泥浆脉冲传输方法●涡轮发电机给系统供电●接收系统、接收各部分传感器采集的数据●连续脉冲波发生器由转子和定子组成,转子与定子之间切割泥浆产生不同的泥浆压力差。
利用钻杆传播应力波(声波)方法Burne和Kirkwood(1972)、Drumheller(1989)奠定了理论基础;Lee和Ramarao(1995)分析了充液钻杆中声波传输问题;哈里伯顿(2000)开发了声波遥传系统AST(Acoustic Telemetry System)最有潜力的高速传输方式●电磁波(EM)遥传系统载波频率一般在30Hz以下●泥浆脉冲遥传系统载波频率一般在100Hz以下●声波遥传系统(ATS)载波频段在400~2000Hz6.2 MWD 随钻测量系统井下传感器组装工具A/D 转换板温度校正换算,标定钻压校正加速度X,Y,Z钻压,钻头扭矩环空压力井眼压力温度磁力仪X 、Y1000赫兹16位为研究用的仪表面板储存器1000赫兹16位1000赫兹16位0.2赫兹0.2赫兹0.2赫兹格式变换数字低频滤波付立叶变换处理集成平均值计算转换诊断处理记录速度200,100,40赫钻压扭矩弯矩转速环定压力井眼压力加速度静态矩(平方根、立方根)温度1跳钻2 粘/滑3涡动、反转4扭振5轴向加速度6横向加速度7弯矩8钻头切削效率传输到地面0.2赫兹诊断标志静态的数据检测数字信号处理数据监测和处理框图Sandia National LaboratoriesMeasurement Sub:•Three-axis acceleration•High-frequency axial acceleration•Angular acceleration•Magnetometer (rotary speed)•Weight on bit, torque on bit, bending moment•Drill pipe and annulus pressure•Drill pipe and annulus temperatureSandia National Laboratories Data-transmission formatA stream of digital, bi-phase encoded framesData linkDigital data rate = 200,000 bits per secondA commercially available data link called Wet-connect wireline is chosed Surface display6.3 LWD 随钻测井系统6.3.1 与电缆测井的比较∙使测井在地层被破坏或被污染之前完成∙部分信息能实时测量,可使钻井过程更有效∙使测井更安全保险(某些井环境恶劣、下电缆困难)∙避免了仪器落入井中又无法回收等事故∙几乎能完成所有电缆测井工作,且有相同的测量精度∙成本高、尺寸大∙海上钻井作业中,使用LWD的比例高达95%∙每年随钻测井服务产值已占整个测井行业产值的25%6.3.2 系统组成及性能CDN——补偿中子密度CDR——补偿双电阻率指向性6.3.3 随钻测井工具(1)补偿双电阻率CDR (Compensated Dual Resistivity)∙高频感应能在各种泥浆中工作∙补偿井眼的影响∙伽马射线能谱分析∙探测两种深度:(中深RPS(?)是相位测量,深RAD(放射的)是通过衰感测量,使用目的是对比所钻地层,对地层进行评估)Integrated Drilling Evaluation and Logging (IDEAL)——ARC5 Array Resistivity CompensatedThe ARC5 Array Resistivity Compensated tool provides 2-MHz borehole-compensated phase and attenuation(衰减) resistivity measurements with multiple depths of investigation in slimholes.Benefits of the ARC5 tool∙Formation evaluation measurements while drilling in slimholes.∙Accurate Rt up to 200 ohm-m with wide range of borehole fluids.∙Invasion profiling to identify permeable zones.∙High-quality real-time measurements available for correlation and geosteering.Integrated Drilling Evaluation and Logging (IDEAL)——ARC5 Array Resistivity CompensatedFeatures of the ARC5 tool∙Five transmitters and two receiverscombine to give 10 vertically matched,borehole-compensated, 2-MHzresistivities.∙Total gamma ray sensor for lithologyestimation and correlation.∙Downhole memory and batteries allowtool to be run while drilling or whiletripping.∙Real-time data transmission with Slim1* MWD system∙Data processing provides horizontaland vertical resistivities (R h, R v), mudresistivity (R m), phase caliper(井径仪)andinvasion profile.6.3.3 随钻测井工具(2)补偿中子密度CDN (Compensated Density Neutron)由两个中子源、一个中子探测器、一个密度探测器、一个扶正器和电子线路构成。
∙使用两个探测器的目的是补偿井眼的影响∙补偿热中子密度∙补偿岩石的密度6.3.3 随钻测井工具(3)方位中子密度ADN(Azimuthal Density Noutron)由中子源、中子探测器、密度源、密度探测器和超声探测器等构成∙世界首创方位核子测井工具∙方位核子测量能认识非均匀性地层,并在不规则井眼中很好应用∙与电缆测量的密度和孔隙度的精度相同∙可用超声进行偏离间隙测量∙可允许大泥浆排量∙放射源易于安装打捞Integrated Drilling Evaluation and Logging(IDEAL)——AND Azimuthal Density Neutron∙是提供方位核子测量的第一个随钻测井工具;∙AND tool measures borehole-compensated formation density, neutron porosity, photoelectric factor (光电因子)and ultrasonic standoffs(间隙).∙These are individually measured in four quadrants (象限) around the borehole --top, bottom, left and right --along with averagemeasurements around the borehole.∙Quadrant readings allow detection of bed boundaries and6.3.3 随钻测井工具(4)近钻头电阻率RAB(Resistivity At Bit)由打捞柱、电池、上发射器、方位电极、电极环、方位伽马射线、钻头电阻率探测器和现场可换扶正器构成∙可定向地测量钻头处的方位电阻率∙可对地层倾角和井眼间隙补偿采用近钻头测量的原因∙实现地层对比∙实现地层评价∙保证测井数据更能真实反映地层情况∙得到比电缆测井效果更好的测井数据Integrated Drilling Evaluation and Logging(IDEAL)——RAB Resistivity-at-the-Bit方位电极应用:•地层评价(Formation evaluation)-盐水泥浆或高电阻率地层可精确测量电阻率-High vertical resolution(分辨率)(几英寸)-方位电阻率井眼成像探测电阻率各向异性-Sensor at bit to ensure minimum possible invasion-Total gamma ray sensor for lithology estimation-Battery power and downhole memory to log while trippingIntegrated Drilling Evaluation and Logging(IDEAL)——RAB Resistivity-at-the-Bit应用•相关性(Correlation)-Resistivity at the bit for instantaneous detection of casing and coring points,using the bit as the measurement electrode•钻井/机械(Drilling/mechanical)-The RAB tool can be run either slick or with a sleevestabilizer-Built into a short, independent sub for minimal interference with HBA design-Shock measurement to allow the driller to adjust weight on bitIntegrated Drilling Evaluation and Logging(IDEAL)——ISONIC Tool (90年代)在钻头上12米处的钻铤内装置发射和阵列接收探头,钻进时发射探头产生声脉冲,声波通过泥浆和地层传播到达4接受探头阵列,ISONIC 工具获得声波波形(acoustic waveform )记录在井下存储器中,传输时间(transit time )(地层时差)实时发送到地面,用于确定地层孔隙性(porosity )、评价岩性、估测孔隙压力、并作为(synthetic seismograms)的输入值;实时钻井和测井数据可与3维地震数据一起放在计算机工作站上,声波数据可以来将钻头位置标示在地震图上。