美国文学复习整理一、 殖民主义时期的文学(colonial settlements )& 理性和革命时期文学(revolutionary period )(文艺复兴时期) 1. 清教主义的shaping influence 2. 代表人物1. Anne Bradstreet 安妮·布莱德斯特“T he Tenth Muse ”第一位移民诗人2. Philip Freneau 菲利普·佛瑞诺有宗教隐喻,关注本土地貌、人文。
写印第安人故事。
美国诗歌之父 father of American poetry代表作《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle3. Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊起草了独立宣言 The Declaration of Independence 17764. Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因拥护独立宣言早期殖民文学代表作:《常识》Common Sense《理性时代》The Age of Reason5.Jonathan Edwards乔纳森·埃德沃兹大觉醒运动的代表人物 the Great Awakening6.Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林代表作:《自传》The Autobiography《穷理查德历书》Poor Richard’s Almanac美国梦的代表二.浪漫主义时期的文学(American Romanticism)早期浪漫主义(Early Romantic Period)1.背景:1> 时间:18世纪末到内战爆发前夕(1861)2> 条件:○1国家的快速发展,大量移民和工业化发展○2小说的发展,期刊杂志(periodical)出现○3受英国文学的影响2.浪漫主义的基本特征1>Stressing emotion rather than reason2>Stressing freedom and individuality3>Idealism rather than materialism4>Writing about nature, medieval legends(中世纪传说)and withsupernatural elements.3.美国浪漫主义文学的特征Imitative, Independent, newness, to moralize and to edify(教化)4.文学常用主题:Home, family, nature, children, idealize love, major problems of American life5.代表人物1.Washington Irving(华盛顿·欧文)1>短篇小说的代表,美国文学之父(因为是第一位被欧洲接受的美国作家)2>写作特点:○1Amuse and entertain○2He is good at enveloping his stories in an atmosphere○3Humor○4Avoid preach3>代表作:《见闻札记》The Sketch Book 地位:the first modernshort stories《瑞普·凡·温克尔》 Rip Van Winkle《睡谷传说》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow4>见闻札记标志着美国浪漫主义文学的开始美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家the first great prosestylist2.James Fenimore Copper Cooper 詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀1>代表作:《皮袜子故事集》Leatherstocking Tales《杀鹿者》The Deerslayer《最后的莫希干人》The Last of the Mohicans《探路者》The Pathfinder《开拓者》The Pioneers《草原》The Prairie2>主人公Natty Bumppo 是一个追求自由的人物,诚实,朴素,慷慨。
浪漫主义文学巅峰(summit)1.新英格兰超验主义(New England Transcendentalism)1>主要特征:○1Place emphasis on spirit, or the oversoul(超灵)○2Stressing the importance of the individual○3Nature is symbol of spirit2>Nature《论自然》was written by Emerson, which is regarded asthe bible of new England transcendentalism.3>《日晷》杂志出版 Dial2.代表人物:1.Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1>超验主义思想引入新英格兰的先驱,被看作是超验主义运动的领袖,爱默生首先强调的是个人主义、思想独立和自强,他崇尚英勇,并不忌讳变化和有冲突的思想2>代表作: 《论自然》Nature 宣言书;《论美国学者》The American Scholar2.Henry David Thoreau 亨利·戴维·梭罗(爱默生的徒弟)1>代表作:《瓦尔登湖》Walden《论公民之不服从》Civil Disobedience2>当时未被认可,影响了托尔斯泰,马丁路德金等人。
3.Hawthorne 霍桑1>代表作:《红字》The Scarlet Letter赏析:The Scarlet Letter主题:Darkness in human natureAt first, it is a token of shame, “adultery”but the genuinesympathy and help Hester offers to her fellow villagers changeit to “able”. Later in the story, the letter A appears inthe sky, signifying “angel”. There is reason to agree witharticle observation the A may represent Adamic. “A” stoodfor adultery on her breast finally became the symbol ofangel(A).写作特点:○1 American Romanticism adapted itself to American Puritan moralism.清教思想融入美国浪漫主义○2 Structurally compact in a tiny frame andcontains deep meaning.结构紧凑,蕴含深意○3 He used supernatural 超自然手法Hester’s 形象分析:She was a real individual and dare to challenge the gender conceptin people’s mind with her own action. a strong-willed,impetuous(冲动的,鲁莽的), passionate compassionate(富于同情心的), maternal (母亲般的),intelligent, capableHerman Melville 赫尔曼·麦尔维尔代表作:《大白鲸》Moby Dick象征对大自然和真理的探究。
浪漫主义文学诗歌(the 19th century American Poetry)1.代表人物1.Walt Whiteman沃尔特·惠特曼1>写作手法:free verse 自由体诗2>主题内容:democracy, individual代表作:《草叶集》Leaves of Grass《哦,船长!我的船长》O Captain!My Captain!赏析:One’s Self I Sing 《我歌唱自我》The poem mainly expresses that people should be filled with enthusiasm, impulsion and power. Besides, people should be optimistic. Under the divine laws, people should enjoy the rights freely.2.Emily Dickinson艾米丽·狄金森1>代表作:《最美妙的胜利感觉》Success is Counted Sweetest主题:爱情&死亡很少涉及政治&战争等男性题材赏析:The theme is that only those who never been successful would think that success is so important. The loser is the one who craves success as the winner fades into a neutral state of emotion她的诗歌富有激情,诗歌都很短,很多诗建立在一个简单的意象或象征之上,成功对于失败者来说是最甜蜜的,就像人们在受尽煎熬时喝到的花蜜,只有战败之人(defeated, dying)可以体会。
比喻得当。
Purple host:胜利之师armyHe:垂死战败者3.Allan Poe 爱伦坡1>写作特点:twisted,Gothic Style2>地位:Father of modern short storyFather of detective storyFather of psychoanalytic criticism3>代表作:诗:《安娜贝尔·李》Annabel Lee小说:《瓦舍古屋的倒塌》The Fall of the House of Usher《一桶酒的故事》The Cask of Amontillade《乌鸦》 The Raven《椭圆形画像》The oval Portrait三.现实主义文学(The Literature Of Realism)1.背景:1> 发现问题,想要解决;报业发展2>自然主义是现实主义的分支,环境在其中起了很重要的作用,自然主义是在科学,心理学,人类行为以及社会思潮理论影响下派生的现实主义,尽管经常揭露残酷的现实,但是旨在通过社会改革来完善社会制度。