Linguistics and Translation(Answers to Paper B)Part A Linguistics (total 100’)I. Define the following terms (2’×10)1.creativity Human language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. This ability is one of the things that sets human language apart from the kind of communication that goes on between animals..2. Garden path sentences are sentences that are initially interpreted with a different structure than they actually have. It typically takes quite a long time to figure out what the other structure is if the first choice turns out to be incorrect.3. surface structure the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction, which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive.4. Immediate Constituent Analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents –word groups (or phrases)，which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own，and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.5. allomorph is the alternate shapes or phonetic forms of a morpheme. For example, the plural form of nouns have the following allomorphs: /s/, /z/, and /iz/.6. phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.7. backformation this is an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. For example, the word “edit” is formed by deleting –or in the word “editor”.8. Constatives is a type of sentence distinguished by Austin. The uttering of these sentences does not make up an action or make any change to the world.9. Government is a type of control over the form of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions.10.parole this is the immediately accessible data, that is what is spoken by different speakers ofa language.II. (2’×5)1.arbitrariness2.[b]3.reference4.acronymernmentIII. (10’)The description of consonants involves describing the manners of articulation, the places of articulation. In many cases there are two sounds that share the same place and manner of articulation. In such case, the consonants are distinguished by voicing. For example: [p] is described as : voiceless bilabial stopIV.(5’) T ransformational-Generative Grammar can help reveal the ambiguity of some ambiguous structure which can not be revealed by IC analysis. For example:The structure “the love of God”is ambiguous. According to Transformational-Generative Grammar, the structure is ambiguous because this structure is formed from 2 different deep structures: the love from god (God loves somebody), the love for God (Somebody loves God). From 2 different deep structures, the same surface structure is obtained.V.(5’) The rule is simple: the sound [n] is inserted if it is after [ ] but in front ofa vowel.VI.(20’)No. People speaking Dani as their native tongue see the world as colorful as we see the world. They can use different strategy to express different colors. We can use Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis to support my argument.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and consequently，different language may probably express our unique ways of understanding the world. Following this argument，two important points could be captured in this theory. On the one hand，language may determine our thinking patterns; on the other，similarity between languages is relative，the greater their structural differentiation is，the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be.Ever since the proposal of the hypothesis，linguists have had different views about it. Nowadays few people would possibly tend to accept the original form of this theory completely. Two versions of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis have been developed， a strong version and a weak version. The strong version of the theory refers to the claim the original hypothesis suggests，emphasizing the decisive role of language as the shaper of our thinking patterns. The weak version of this hypothesis，however，is a modified type of its original theory，suggesting thatthere is a correlation between language，culture，and thought，but the cross-cultural differences thus produced in our ways of thinking are relative，rather than categorical.VII. Read the following sentence. Explain what is meant by the speaker using the theory of Conversational Implicature. (20’)A: Miss X sang “Home sweet home”.B: Oh, I think she produced a series of sounds that corresponded closely with the score of “Home sweet home”..Conversational implicature is a type of implied meaning， which is deduced on the basis of the conversational meaning of words together with the context， under the guidance of the CP and its maxims.The CP : make your conversational contribution such as is required， at the stage at which it occurs， by the accepted purpose or direction of the talke exchange in which you are engaged. Four maxims of CP:Quantity: make your contribution as informative as is required.Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. Quality: try to make your contribution one that is true.Do not say what you believe to be false.Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Relation: be relevant.Manner: be perspicuous. 1. avoid obscurity of expression.2. avoid ambiguity.3. be brief4. be orderly.B’s statement violates the maxim of Manner. It implies that he thinks Miss X’s performance was so poor that the word ‘sing ’cannot be applied.VIII. What differences are there between gradable antonymy and complementary antonymy (10’)？1.The pair of complementary antonymy forms a whole set while the gradablepair does not.2.The norm of complementary antonymy is absolute while that of gradableis not.3.There is no cover term for the two members of a pair in complementaryantonymy relation.。