Cohesive devices

语法衔接（grammatical cohesion）： 指称 /照应(reference) 替代（substitution） 省略（ellipsis） 连接/关联（conjunction）
词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）： • 复现关系(reiteration) • 同现关系(collocation)
Both constructs represent how words, constituents,
and ideas conveyed in a text are connected. Cohesion deals with the connectedness between elements at low levels of text, that is, among sentence elements, and clauses normally within a paragraph. Text cohesion models text in terms of relations between words or referring expressions to help determine how tightly connected the text is. Coherence expresses the continuity that exists between one part of text and another and the overall relation of all parts. Text coherence displays textபைடு நூலகம்in terms of macro level relations between clauses or sentences to help determine the overall structure of the text.
人称指称（personal reference）：人称指称关系的指称词
一般为第三人称代词，如，him、his、everybody等； 指示指称（demonstrative reference）：指示指称词包括 this、that、these、those之类的指示代词以及定冠词the 和such a一类的词，也包括here、there、now、then等地 点指示词和时间指示词； 比较指称关系（comparative reference）：比较指称关系 中的比较通常可以通过一些具有比较意义的词语如same、 as、equal、such、similar、different、other、else等来 实现。
替代与省略 ex.
1. 现在的农民，也不像父辈那样
珍惜粮食了。
2.他常常不顾危险，这种态度他
的朋友称为勇敢，而他的敌人则 称之为有勇无谋。
替代与省略
现在的农民，也不像父辈那样珍惜粮食了。
（ 2005年翻译 擂台赛赛题） Many farmers today do not treasure grains as much as the older generations did. 他常常不顾危险，这种态度他的朋友称为勇 敢，而他的敌人则称之为有勇无谋。 He showed his usual disregard for danger— an attitude his friends called bravery and his enemies foolhardiness.(OALD8)
动词性替代（verbal substitution）：指的是用动
词替代词〈通常是do的一定形式〉去替代动词或动 词短语； 〈主要有so和not〉去取代分句。
分句性替代（clausal substitution）：指用替代词
省略 Ellipsis
Ellipsis involves the omission of an item. It is
悦。 I love gazing upon kids chasing the spinning fireworks as it reminds me of my teenage glees. 2. 在生活越来越富足的今天，越来越多的长辈选择“压岁书” 作为送给孩子们的过年礼物。 连日来市里各大书店门庭若市， 少儿类图书的销售量直线上升。 Today with more and more people living a better-off life, seniors in the family would give books to the children as a lunar New Year gift. As a result, in the past few days, people have beating a path (?) to the big bookstores in the city and sales volumes for various children’s books have increased by large margins.
cohere, Lat. co- + haer¶ e (cling), to stick or
held together, and to have internal elements or parts logically connected so that aesthetic consistency results.
The topic of cohesion…has always
appeared to me the most useful constituent of discourse analysis or text linguistics applicable to translation.” （Newmark, 1987： 295）
替代 Substitution
In substitution, an item is replaced by another
item. 替代指的是用替代形式去指上下文所出现的成分。
名词性替代（nominal substitution）：指用替代
词one, ones, the same来取代名词或名词短语;
连接 Conjunction
Conjunction is a relationship indicating how
the subsequent sentence or clause should be linked to the preceding or the following sentence or part of a sentence. Conjunction involves the use of formal markers, that is, conjunctions, to relate sentences, clauses to each other. 连接指用连词、副词、或词组（短语）把两个命 题联系起来的手段。
2. Comparison
3. Improving the translation
篇章
篇章是表达整体概念的语义单位。它在
一定的情景中产生，提供作者想传达的 信息，各成分之间有语言手段将其衔接 在一起，成为语义连贯的整体，为交际 的受者所接受。 衔接性和连贯性是篇章最重要的特征。
Cohesion & Coherence
the “substitution by zero”. In other words, in ellipsis, an item is replaced by nothing.
省略指篇章中句子或小句中一些基本结构成分的缺
省。
省略包括名词型省略(Nominal substitution)、动
词型省略(Verbal ellipsis)和小句型省略(Clausal ellipsis)。
连接 ex.
1. 我喜欢看小孩子追逐着旋转的火焰，
心里重温起少年的愉悦。
2. 在生活越来越富足的今天，越来越多
的长辈选择“压岁书”作为送给孩子们的 过年礼物。 连日来市里各大书店门庭若 市，少儿类图书的销售量直线上升。
连接 ex.
1. 我喜欢看小孩子追逐着旋转的火焰，心里重温起少年的愉
汉英篇章衔接手段和连贯手段的对比
A contrastive study of cohesive devices and coherent devices in Chinese and English texts
Steps
1.Introduction
Text, cohesion, coherence, cohesive devices, coherent devices
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1.爸爸妈妈，你们也买个钱罐存钱吧。
指称衔接 ex.
Daddy, Mummy, please buy a piggie（bank）for yourself. 2.铅笔在哪里？ Where are the/my/your propelling/ mechancial pencil? 3.这种力，是一般人看不见的生命力。 （夏衍《野草》） It is an invisible force of life. 4.人到了老年，会有一种似乎奇怪又不奇怪的现象：即发 生在昨天的事，倒会忘得一干二净；而二十年前对自己印 象极深的事情，却像是昨天刚发生一样，记得一清二楚。 （钟灵《胡二笳子》） When you are getting on in years, you tend to have a feeling that seems rather odd but, in fact, not very much so: what happened to you just a couple of days ago, you clean forget about it, but what happened as long as decades earlier with a sharp impact on you, 10 you remember as clearly as if it had occurred yesterday.