LECTURE 1Part 1Native Language Transfer in FL Learning: Interference or Facilitation?外语学习中的母语迁移：干扰还是促进？There are two types of transfer: Negative Transfer and Positive Transfer. Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two la nguages can facilitate FL learning.The causes of Interference in Negative Transfer:·analogical use of one’s prior knowledge of the mother tongue母语先知结构的类推运用·scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages对两种语言的差异所知甚少·unconscious falling back on the mother tongue speech habit不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯Examples of Negative Transfer:①Phonological transfer (语音迁移)The sound /n/ does not exist in some Chinese dialects and /l/ serves as a substitute. The writer likes writing at light (night).②Morphological transfer（词形迁移）Neither nouns nor verbs have inflections in Chinese.He only eat two meal a day.③Collocation transfer (搭配迁移)The noun renkou,the Chinese equivalent of …population‟, can have a numerical pre-modifier. Shanghai is said to have thirteen million population.④Syntactical transfer (句型迁移)The verb jianyi,the Chinese equivalent of …suggest‟, can be used in VOC pattern in Chinese. He suggested me to accept this offer.⑤Pragmatic transfer (语用迁移)The negative reply to a compliment is considered in Chinese as modest and courteous.-- Y our English is wonderful.-- No, no. My English is still poor.Part TwoA Contrastive Study of English and Chinese 英汉语对比研究Contrast Between English and ChineseChinese:·Meaning-focused with emphasis on implicit coherence (隐性连贯)·left-extending, heavy-headed like a lion·moving point of sight·bamboo-like sentence structure with different sections linked and yet separated（竹式结构）·T opic-Comment Sentence Structure·Order of linguistic elements: relatively fixed like bamboo-making （制竹）（语序相对固定）English:·Form-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion（显性联接）·English: right-extending heavy-tailed like a peacock fixed point of sight ·tree-like sentence structure with different parts connected like branches and sub-branches to the trunk line.（树式结构）·Subject-Predicate Sentence Structure·Order of linguistic elements: relatively flexible like block-building （积木）（语序相对灵活）Example:Chinese: bamboo-like sentence structure （竹式结构）The chunks of a sentence seem to be connected and yet separated, like sections of a bamboo linked by the joints and yet relatively independent and self-contained.例：从前这里有一个渔村，村里住着十户人家，这十户人家全靠打鱼、种地为生，生活艰苦，但很安宁。
English: tree-like sentence structure （树式结构）tree-like sentence structure with different parts connected like branches and sub-branches to the trunk line.Eg: As a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth, China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead.English 英语Chinese 汉语Form-focused 形态型Meaning-focused 语义型Right-extending 孔雀型Left-extending 狮子型Sight-moving 视点流动Sight-fixed 视点固定Tree-like 树型结构Bamboo-like 竹型结构Subject-prominent 主语突出T opic-prominent 主题突出Order-flexible 语序相对灵活Order-fixed 语序相对固定English 英语Chinese 汉语Impersonal 物称Personal 人称Passive 被动Active 主动Static 静态Dynamic 动态Complex 繁复Simple 简单Abstract 抽象Concrete 具体Hypotactic 形合Paratactic 意合Plain and factual 平实Rhythmic and symmetrical 韵律LECTURE 21、英语的主谓提挈机制-6个基本句型句型1：S (主语) ＋V(谓语)Eg: Li Ming works very hard.句型2：S (主语) ＋Link. V(系动词) ＋Predicate(表语)Eg: This kind of food tastes delicious.句型3：S (主语) ＋V (谓语) ＋O (宾语)Eg: He took his bag and left.句型4：S (主语)＋V (谓语)＋Indirect object＋Direct objectHer father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.句型5：S (主语)＋V (动词)＋O (宾语)＋C (补语)You should keep the room clean and tidy.句型6：There be + S+ elseThere are two girls and a boy running on the playground.2、汉语的“话题”及界定（主语后+是不是）3、汉英翻译中的主语转换问题①对应Equivalence苏轼是位才华横溢的文学家。
Su Shi was a writer with superb talent.②转换Shift词类转换式主语转移我们的自然科学比较落后，要努力向外国学习。
In natural sciences, we are rather backward and here, we should make a special effort to learn from foreign countries.推导式主语转移我的法语看报很吃力，你呢？I can’t re ad newspaper in French without difficulty, how about you?反逆式主语转移一胎生了三个女儿。
Three daughters were born at one birth.③补充Supplement话题式主语句今天他要去看病。
He is going to see the doctor today.零位主语句隐含主语句The show begins now.坐享其成3、推导主语的规范：①原句的动词常常是我们展开推导的出发点和根据。
一般说来，它可以给我们提供准确的、边切的推导线索，推导出与之搭配的施动者。
②原句的总体意义是我们展开推导的最重要的依据，特别是在汉语原句中没有谓语动词时，全局的总体意义就是最重要的根据。
③推出补加主语时，常常必须把握住原语材料的关涉对象，即文章为谁而写、议论为谁而发、内容牵涉到谁，等等。
主语转移的一般规范：●必须紧扣原意，只要不违背全句的总体意义，选择可灵活变通，不拘一格.●必须密切顾及英语的习惯表达法。