e is that all
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ltimately by w
hat all
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•Ernest Jones points out t hat Hamlet as a psychoneur otic may be traced to the
Freud’s Theories
• Like iceberg, the hum an mind is structured so that its great wei ght and density lie b eneath the surface (b elow the level of con sciousness)
Psychoanalysis
• Since the 1920s, a very widesprea d form of psychological literary criticism has come to be psychoan alytic criticism, whose premises and procedures were established b y Sigmund Freud (1856-1939).
• The foundation of Freud’s contr ibution to modern psychology is his emphasis on the unconscious aspects of the human psyche.
• Freud’s secon
d major premis
英美文学批评
Theory 2 Psychoanalysis
Psychological criticism
• Psychological criticism deals with a work of literature prim arily as an expression, in fic tional form, of the state of m ind and the structure of perso nality of the individual autho r.
• The forbidden, mainly sexual ("libidinal") wishes come into conflict with, and are repressed by, the "censor" (the internalized representative within each in dividual of the standards of society) into the unconscious realm of the artist 's mind, but are permitted by the censor to achieve a fantasied satisfaction i n distorted forms which serve to disguise their real motives and objects from the conscious mind.
hero’s severely repressed
Oedipal feelings.
Talkiห้องสมุดไป่ตู้g cure
• Freud’s third premise is that because of the powerful social taboos attac hed to certain sexual impulses, many of our desires and memories are repre ssed ( that is, actively excluded from conscious awareness).
• The disguised fantasies that are evident to consciousness are called by Fre ud the “manifest” content of a dream or work of literature; the unconscio us wishes that find a semblance of satisfaction in this distorted form he c alls the “latent” 潜在的 content.
• Freud had developed the dynamic form of psychology that he called psychoan alysis as a means of analysis and therapy for neuroses, but soon expanded it to account for many developments and practices in the history of civili zation, including warfare, mythology, and religion, as well as literature and the other arts.
Known for his studies of the repression, sexual desire and the unconscious mi nd, Freud believed the mind could be divided into 3 categories: The id contains "primitive desires" (hunger, rage, sex), The super-ego contains internalized norms, morality and taboos. The ego mediates between the two.
• Literature and the other arts, like dreams and neurotic sympt oms, consist of the imagined, or fantasized, fulfillment of wishes that are either denied by reality or are prohibited b y the social standards of mora lity and propriety.