第一章1.The nature of MNEs跨国公司意义,在什么环境下出现MNEs are those companies that produce a good or service in two or more countries. Their existence is due to the economic globalization.2.Why should we learn comparative international accounting? 为什么要学习西方财务会计？First，it reminds that the US and other Anglo-Saxon countries are not the only contributors to accounting.Second, it demonstrates that the preparers, users and regulators of financial reports in different countries can learn from each others’ ideas and experien ces.Third, it explains why the international harmonization of accounting is desirable but difficult to achieve.问题二：MNEs 对会计国际化的影响The rise of the MNE is one of the main factors responsible for the internationalization of the accountancy profession ,Accountancy firms have followed their clients around the world ,setting up new offices overseas and/or merging with overseas firms .The rise of the MNE contributes tothe growth of international auditing.（P17最后一段）跨国公司的出现是会计职业界国际化的主要因素之一。

随着会计师事务所的客户不断国际化，事务所本身也在走向世界，它们在海外建立新的办公室或者兼并海外公司。

第二章Causes of international accounting differences引起国际会计不同的原因Culture, legal systems, providers of finance, taxation, other external influences (adoption or convergence with IASB, inflation, theory), the professionHow culture influence international accounting? 文化如何影响国际会计？Culture includes a set of societal values that drives institutional form and practice.It will affect the value system or attitudes of the accountants.How tax influence international accounting? 税收如何影响国际会计？US and UK: tax and accounting treatments are differentFrance and Germany: tax accounts are the same as commercial accountsHow law influence international accounting? 法律如何影响国际会计？Anglo-Saxon countries: common lawContinental Europe: Roman lawCompanies in common law countries have higher levels of disclosuresHow finance influence international accounting? 筹资如何影响国际会计？Capital market systems (UK, USA): outsider shareholders, accounting is flexible, judgment fairnessCredit-based governmental systems (France ,Japan): accounting is precision, uniformity and stability精确、一致、稳定Credit-based financial system (Germany): insider shareholders, accounting is careful, conservative 第三章：2 P74Some classificiations in accountingExtrinsic: culture, economic,colonial, regulatory stylesIntrinsic: PWC data, own data, KPMG data第四章1.国际一体化的原因，有什么好处Reasons for harmonization1.Investors and financial analysts need to be able to understand the financial statements offoreign companies whose shares they might wish to buy.2.Other decision-making uses of management accounting information benefit fromharmonization. .3.International accountancy firms support harmonization partly because it is good for theirlarge clients.2.国际一体化的障碍，计量上问题Obstacles to harmonization1. The size of the present differences between the accounting practices of different countries.2. The lack of an international regulatory agency3. Nationalism4. the effect of economic consequences on accounting standardsReasons for EU harmonization欧盟一体化的原因概括:1. The activities of companies extend beyond national frontiers and shareholdersand other stakeholders need protection throughout the EU.2. since companies in different EU countries exist in the same form and arein competition with each other, it is argued that they should be subject to the samelaws and taxation.Obstacles to EU harmonization: 欧盟一体化障碍Of particular importance here are the fundamental differences between the contexts and purposes of the various national accounting systems in the EU.They include the differences between creditor/secrecy in the traditional Franco-German systems and investor/disclosure in the Anglo-Dutch systems.And between law/tax-based rules and private sector standards.第五章问题一：哪些国家采用IFRS？未来趋势如何？1．EU companies use IFRS2．China has largely converged its rules for listed companies with IFRS.3．For 2005 onward, all IASs and IFRSs have been turned into Australian standards.Trend:1. Janpan allows IFRS from 2009-10 and is proposing to require it from 2015 or 2016.2. SEC announced proposals to aquire IFRS from 2014 statements and allow it for some registrants for 2009 statements onwards.3. Trend of reconciliations from national rules to GAAP or IFRS.译：欧盟公司包括德国法国英国的公司采用IFRS，瑞士，澳大利亚以及中国香港的公司亦是。

中国已经将绝大多数的上市公司纳入IFRS的范围2005年起，所有的IAS和IFRS准则都成为澳大利亚的新标准。

趋势日本从2009-10开始使用IFRS作为财务报告准则，并且从2009年开始试行。

国内标准逐渐向CAAP or IFRS融合。

2. principle base and rule base（含例子）1、Principles-based accounting does not reply on as many regulations as rules-based accounting.2、Rules-based accounting has much more details on many topics.Example: the definition of a subsidiary:US: ownership of more than half the voting sharesIFRS: power to govern the financial and operating policies第六章1.国际会计准则概念框架P129 图表2.主要项目的确认Assets are recognized when it will probably entail future benefits and its cost can be measured reliably.1. inventories should be valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value.2. Leases are divided into finance leases（融资租赁）and operating leases（经营租赁）by transfer substantially all the risks and rewards or not.3.financial instrumentsLiabilities1.provisions should be measured at the best estimate of the amount that would be required to settle the obligation at the balance sheet date（资产负债表日期）.2. employee benefits3. deferred tax(递延税收)Revenue: 风险报酬全部转移，完工百分比法第七章问题1：同一个IFRS执行中造成不同的原因？1. Different versions of IFRS2. Different translations3. Gaps in IFRS 未涉及领域4. Overt options 明确的备选方案FIFO or weighted average for the determination of the cost of inventories5. Covert options 隐蔽的选项Identification of a subsidiary on the basis of ‘power to control’6.Measurement estimations 计量估计Net realizable value of inventories7. Transitional issues 过渡问题8. Imperfect enforcement第八章1.GAAP的概念框架The Conceptual Framework of GAAP‘Objectives of financial reporting：Financial reporting is intended to provide information that is useful in making business economic decisions.Qualitative characteristics of accounting information：Relevance and reliabilityElements of financial statements：Statement 6 defines ten elements of financial statements, the main ones being assets, liabilities, equity, revenues and expenses. The other definitions rest upon asset and liability财务报告：财务报告旨在有助于经济决策的信息。