Parts of Teaching Materials of Translation for International BusinessContentsChapter I A Brief Introduction to TranslationChapter Ⅱ Business English and Its Language FeaturesChapter Ⅲ. Criteria of TranslationPart I A brief Introducyion to Translation Standards Both at Home and AbroadPart II Yan Fu and His Three-point Theory Part III Standard for Business English TranslationChapter ⅣThe Process of TranslationPart Ⅰ ProcessPart Ⅱ ComprehensionPart III ExpressionPart Ⅳ. Multi-expressionsChapter V Translation Techniques and Methods• Part 1 DictionPart Ⅱ ExtexsionPart III ConversionPart Ⅳ. AmplificationPart V OmissionPart VI DivisionPart VII Translation of English Attributive ClausesPartVIII Translation Techniques of English Passive VoicePartIX Translation of English Long SentencesPart X English Business Abbreviations and Their Translation into ChinesePart XI Translation of FiguresPart XII Translation of Practical Writing(Applied Translation)Part XIII Translation of Organizations and Company IntroductionPart XIV Translation of products descriptionsPart XV Translation of AdvertisementsPart XVI Translation of Business LettersPart XVII Translation of PR Documents and Business ReportsPart XVIII Translation of ContractsChapter I A Brief Introduction to TranslationI What Is TranslationTranslation is,essentially,the faithful representation,in one language,of what is written or said in another language.By faithful representation ,it is meant that translating must aim primarily at reproducing the message rather than the keeping of the form of the orginal text.As English and Chinese belong to entirely different language families,there is a great discrepancy between them in culturalsetting ,way of thinking,expressions,diction,sentence sructures ,sentence order,etc. For achieving achieving functional equivalence ,that is ,equality of meanings,it often requires adjustment of the orginal form.e.g.公司简介,公司结构,业务范围,公司历程Coporate Profile/About Us; Organization Chart; Major Businesses/Business Line; HistoryDifferent languages have different ways of saying things.For achieving genuine equivalence,sometimes we have to transfer from one form into another.The above serves as a ready instance.There is an hourly （1）shift from London to Paris （2）known as the Airbus （3）capable of seating 521 people.从伦敦到巴黎的航线上（2）有一种称之为“空中公汽车”的客机，（3）能够乘坐521名乘客，（1）每小时一航班。

A simple sentence as it is,the original is a bit complicated in structure,containing a participial phrase and an adjective phrase carrying much information.As a Chinese sentence tends to be short and laconic,in translation it is impossible to keep the original structure but necessary to separate it into several parts.Besides, as emphasis falls on action(shift) in the original sentence which goes contrary to the usage of Chinese,so there should be a rearrangement of sentence order in the verion.Matter can be turned into energy and energy , matter.物质能够转换成能量，能量能够转换成物质。

You can find out the wave length if you know the frequency.知道频率，就可以求出波长。

我今天准备吃食堂。

I’m going to have my meals in the dining hall.In the above three examples, to reproduce the closest natural equivalent ,some adjustments ,including amplification,omission and conversion ,are needed.Types of translation:1) according to scopefullpartial translation2) according to basic methodsfreeliteralword-for-word translation( foreignization、domestication )3) according to way of worktranslation translatorinterpretation interpreter4) according to materialscientificliterarydocumentary translationtranslation of practical writing(including Business English,Tourism English etc.)5) linguistic elementsthe original (source) target (receptor) languageII . Translation is the combination of science and artTranslation,on one hand,has much to do with linguistics,rhetorics,psychology,sociology,semiotics,etc,and should be governed by their rules.For instance,in doing translation we have to follow the principles and way of work of linguistics to study words and analyse structures.On another hand ,it seeks the help of persons’inspiration,appreciation and artistic accomplishment.As a result of the above two factors,it can be seen that translation is no easy thing to do, requring painstaking efforts,even if what we translate is a simple sentence.e.g. He sent me a note of welcome, as sunny as his face.他送给我一封短信，对我表示欢迎；那信写得热情洋溢，一如其人。

A simple sentence as it is,it is not easy to understand it, including the real or deep meaning of “note”and “sunny”,as the formeris a polysemous word and the later is a figurative one.We have to make sure the exact meaning of “note”(a short letter) according to the context and to dig out the extended meaning of “sunny”(warm) here.Besides,we have also to comprehend the function of “of” in this sentence.c.f. a book of mine; the city of New York; the overthrow of that reactionary government.Ⅱ.)Effective (Meaningful) translation is possible becauseA..human experience is much alike throughout the world .Everyone eats,sleeps,works,is related to families,experiences love,hatred,jealousy,etc,is capable of loyalty and friendship and employs many facial gestures which are almost universal (laughing,smiling,frowning,etc.) In fact,what people of different cultures have in common is far greater than what separates them from one another. That is,there is normal or standard behavior between languages.B.people tend to think much the same way though they have different cultures.They follow the same train of thought and try to be reasonablein writing or talk.They have the capacity to imagine what other people think and act, andC.different Languages have different forms,but they enjoy the same effect.In other words,different forms can be used to suggest the same object,ideas,etc.For example,the English word “school” and its Chinese equivalent “学校”are different in form but are used for expressing thesame idea,namely,“a place for people,usually children,to learn.Chapter Ⅱ Business English and Its Language FeaturesI.What Is Business English?The English concrened with various fields of commercial activities such as the technology transfer, foreign trade, the introduction of foreign investment, international financing, transnational tourism, international transportation, is as a whole called business English. Business English letters, contracts, telexes and telegrams, documents, advertisements all belong to this category.Business English is a branch of special English in use and an applicationof English in business occasion. It is classified by many linguists into English for Special Purposes (ESP).nguage Features of Business EnglishI).Business English mainly belongs to expository writing,giving explanation,illustration,classification,instruction definition,etc.and presenting information,facts,figures,numbers,terms,…being objective and impersonale.g.”Delivery date” means the second day of the deadline of the operation period.“转让日期”指运行期最后一天的第二天.(definition)A contract shall be an agreement whereby the parties establish ,changeor terminate their civil relationship.合同是当事人之间设立、变更、终止民事关系的协议。