样结果
Inquiry: Errors and Solutions
研究中常见的错误及解决办法
3. Selective observation 选择性观察
• Make an effort to find cases that do not fit the general pattern.找出不符合 一般情形的异常案例
How We Know What We Know（我们如何形成对世界的认知）
▪ Direct Experience and Observation 个人体验与观察 ▪ Personal Inquiry 个人研究 ▪ Tradition 传统（约定俗成的知识） ▪ Authority 权威
Looking for Reality 寻求真实
Ordinary Human Inquiry一般的人
类研究
▪ Humans recognize that future circumstances are caused by present ones.首先，人们认识到， 未来的环境多少是由现在的状况造成的。
▪ Humans learn that patterns of cause and effect are probabilistic in nature. 其次，人类知道因果 关系牵涉到概率问题
▪ Humans aim to answer “what” and “why” questions, and pursue these goals by observing and figuring out. 人类研究的目的在于回答“是什么”
和“为什么”，通过观察和推理来达到目标。
Inquiry: Errors and Solutions
▪ Both are essential to science and relate to the three major aspects of social scientific enterprise: theory, data collection, and data analysis.这两者对科学都不可或缺， 而且与科学研究的三大层面密切相关，理论、资料收集 和资料分析。
Foundations of Social Science 社会科学的基础
▪ Theory - Systematic explanation for the observations that relate to a particular aspect of life. 理论旨在系统地 解释对生活中某一方面的观察
Point of View
▪ Wife’s Point of View. There is no question in the wife’s mind as to who is right and rational and who is out of control. 在妻子 看来，谁是正确、理 智的，以及谁失去了 理智，是显而易见的。
部分来自于别人告知的约定俗成的知识。
▪ This agreement reality both assists and hinders our attempts to find out for ourselves.这
些约定俗成的真实，既可能帮助也可能阻碍我们亲手去发掘真实。
Sources of Secondhand Knowledge
▪ Modern - Acknowledgment of human subjectivity.现代观点：仁者见仁智者见智
▪ Postmodern -There is no objective reality to be observed. 后现代观点：没什么真实 的世界可供观察。所有的真实，都源于自 我观点中的想象。
Answer: D
▪ In your discussion of measurement with a friend, she argues that what you are trying to measure does not exist and your own point of view will determine what you perceive in measuring. She has the postmodern view of reality. 后现代的观点
4. Illogical Reasoning 非逻辑推理 • Use systems of logic explicitly.有意识 地运用逻辑体系来避免这样的情形
Views of Reality 对真实的看法
▪ Premodern - Things are as they seem to be. 前现代观点：眼见为实
A Book 一本书
▪ All of these are the same book, but it looks different when viewed from different locations, perspectives, or “points of view.” 这些都是同一本书。但放置的位置、视 角不同或人们观点不同，他看起来就不一样。
▪ Data collection - observation 资料搜集旨在整理观察的 结果
▪ Data Analysis - the comparison of what is logically expected with what is actually observed. 资料分析，是 比较逻辑预期和实际观察，寻找可能的模式。
研究中常见的错误及解决办法
1. Inaccurate observations 不确切观察 • Measurement devices add precision.测量手段增加了准确性
2. Overgeneralization 过度概括化 • Enough cases 足够样本观察 • Repeat a study to make sure the same results are produced each time.重复进行同一项研究，看是否每次都得到同
Point of View
▪ Husband’s Point of View. The husband has a very different perception of the same set of events, of course.丈夫的视角。 In your discussion of measurement with a friend, she argues that what you are trying to measure does not exist and your own point of view will determine what you perceive in measuring. She has which view of reality? A. correct B. premodern C. modern D. postmodern E. Scientific
Answer: A
▪ You've gotten A's on the last three tests. You have a research project due the last day of class and you’re sure you’re going to flunk because something has to break this streak of good luck. You’ve fallen prey to illogical reasoning.
Foundations of Social Science 社会科学的基础
▪ The foundations of social science are logic and observation. 社会科学的基础是逻辑和观察
▪ A scientific understanding of the world must make sense and correspond to what we observe.科学对世界 的理解，必须言之成理，并且符合我们的观察。
▪ Both provide a starting point for inquiry, but can lead us to start at the wrong point and push us in the wrong direction.
▪ 二手知识既给我们提供了研究的起点（站在巨人的肩 上），但也可能误导我们（错误的起点、错误的方向）
1. Tradition 传统 2. Authority 权威
Science and Inquiry科学与研究
▪ Epistemology is the science of knowing. ▪ 认识论是认识的科学 ▪ Methodology (a subfield of epistemology)
Answer: D
▪ Individuals learn all they need to know from personal experience, discovery and from what others tell us.
▪ 个体通过个人体验、主动探究发现和别人 告知的，来获取所需的知识
The Practice of Social Research
社会研究方法
Earl Babbie （艾尔·巴比）
Chapman University
Part 1
An Introduction to Inquiry 研究概论
Chapter 1
Human Inquiry and Science 人类研究与科学
Question
▪ You've gotten A's on the last three tests. You have a research project due the last day of class and you’re sure you’re going to flunk because something has to break this streak of good luck. You’ve fallen prey to: A. illogical reasoning. B. inaccurate observation. C. selective observation. D. over-emphasis on tradition. E. overgeneralization.