Speech organs
A. The initiator of the airstream B. The vocal cords C. The resonating cavities
The initiator of the airstream
The vocal cords
Cords closed
The places of articulation
• bilabial: [p], [b], [m], [w] in “ pie, buy, my”. • labiodental: [f], [v] in “fie, vie”. • dental: [θ], [δ] in “ thigh, thy”. • alveolar: [t], [d], [l], [n], [s], [z] in “tie, die….”
Cords open
Larynx
Three resonating cavities
• Pharyngeal cavity ---- the throat • The oral cavity ---- the mouth • Nasal cavity ---- the nose
Three cavities
Classification of consonants
---- English consonants can be classified according to two dimensions:
• The places of articulation • The manners of articulation
Classification of English speech sounds
---- English speech sounds are generally classified into two large categories:
• Vowels • Consonants
Note: The essential difference between these two classes is that in the production of the former the airstream meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth, while in that of the latter it is somehow obstructed.
10.Vocal cords
11.Pharyngeal cavity
12.Nasal cavity
More exactly
Terms: places of articulation
1. Bilabial; 2. Labiodental; 3. Dental or
interdental; 4. Alveolar; 5. Palatoalveolar; 6. Palatal; 7. Velar; 8. Uvular; 9. Glottal.
Some major articulatory variables
---- dimensions on which speech sounds may vary:
• Voicing---- voiced & voiceless
• Nasality ---- nasal & non-nasal
• Aspiration ----- aspirated & unaspirated
The diagram of speech
1. Lips
organs
2. Teeth
3. Teeth ridge (alveolar)
4. Hard palate
5. Soft palate (velar)
6. Uvula
7. Tip of tongue
8. Blade of tongue
9. Back of tongue
• Acoustic phonetics----from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one toБайду номын сангаасanother.
Articulatory phonetics
• word |'w∂:d| |'w∂:rd| • pass |pa:s| |pæ s| • box | b‫כ‬ks | |baks| • interesting |'intristiŋ| |'int∂ristiŋ| • system |'sistim| |'sist∂m|
Scope of phonetics
• Articulatory phonetics----from the speakers’ point of view, “how speakers produce speech sounds”.
• Auditory phonetics----from the hearers’ point of view, “how sounds are perceived”.
Lecture 2 Phonetics
• Language is primarily vocal. The primary medium of human language is sound. Linguists are not interested in all sounds, but in speech sounds----sounds that convey meaning in human communication.
What is phonetics ?
----A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription, e.g. [p] bilabial, stop.