Case 1:英汉商务合同中“按（照）”的句法形态对比曾利沙在商务合同中，“按（照）”亦称“依照”，是一出现频率非常高的用语。
在汉语中，它能和众多涵义各异的名词相搭配，这些名词可以是条款（例）、惯例、原则、标准、计划、价格、汇率、比例、金额、数量、要求等等。
在英语中，与“按（照）”直接对应的有介词短语in accordance with, in the light of, in conformity with, in compliance with 等及其它相应的一些介词。
但是，受英语语言习惯的制约，这些介词并不都能和以上所有的名词搭配使用，有些名词需要与特定的介词搭配，有其固定的用法。
下面将中英商务合同中“按（照）”的表达形式及活用处理的方法作一对比：一、使用介词1、当与“条款（例）、惯例、原则、标准、计划”等这些概念使用时，其意为“依据双方已确认或拟定或法定的义务和责任履行或处理有关事项”。
在表达上除了直接对应的常用介词短语外，有时还可用其它相应的介词短语on the basis of, on ….basis, under，as per等。
如：1）滞期费/速遣费应由托运人与船主按租船合同直接商定。
Demurrage / Dispatch Money shall be settled direct between the Shippers and the Owners in the light of / in conformity with / according to the Charter Party.2）双方应按照平等互利的原则决定公司的一切重大事项。
Both Parties shall discuss and decide all the important matters of the Company in accordance with / in compliance with / on the basis of equality and mutual benefits.３）甲乙双方同意开始的10000打衬衫按“剪裁、缝制、装饰”的条款生产，其余的则按照通常的条款生产。
Party A and Party B agree that the first 10000 dozen blouses shall be made under cut-make-trim terms and the rest of the orders under normal terms.3）投资人应尽力按照交货计划运交中方采购的材料。
Investor shall endeavor to deliver the materials ordered by SINO as per specified delivery schedule.2、当与价格条件搭配使用时，常用on the basis of , on ….basis。
如：1）出租人必须按CIF黄埔条件在附件规定的时间内把所租设备运交承租人。
The Lessor shall deliver the Leased equipment tothe Lessee on the basis of CIF Huangpu within the time of shipment stated in the Appendix.2）甲方应按照付现和返销两种方式分别详细报出设备的价格、专有技术与技术服务费。
Party A shall quote Party B, on cash basis and on buy-back basis separately, the prices of the equipment and the charges of know-how and technical service.３、当与数值、质量、金额、重量搭配使用时，常用介词for, on, 意为“以···作为依据”或“以···而定”。
１）由卖方依照中国人民保险公司海洋货物运输保险条款按发票总值110%投保一切险及战争险。
The Sellers are to effect insurance for110% of invoice value against All Risks and War Risk as per the relevant Ocean Marine Clauses of the People’s Insurance Company of China.２）临时性发票按质量为72%磷酸三钙并按提单所列的装运重量减1开具。
The provisional Invoice will be made out for quality of Tribasic Phosphate of Lime and on the shipped weight in B/L less 1%.3）如果雇主拖延支付工程款项，则应按拖欠的金额和天数，以月息10%的利率计付利息。
In case the Employer delays in payment of the project cost to the Contractor, interest shall be chargeable at 10% per month on the amount and for the number of days in arrears.４、当表达“按价格（数率）”或“按···要求”时，应用介词at。
１）领航费按每艘轮船60美元支付。
Pilotage fees shall be charged at the rate of $ 60 per vessel.３）出租人应按优惠价格向承租人提供原料、燃料和部件。
The Lessor will supply the Lessee with raw materials, fuel and component parts at favorable prices.４）若在保证期内发现运交的设备有缺点，投资人必须按中方要求，及时适当解决。
In case defect o the delivered equipment is found within the warranty period, INVESTOR shall take appropriate action for settlement without delay, at SINO’s request.5、当表达“按···比例”时，应用介词短语in proportion to。
本保证书金额将随已付金额按比例减少。
The guaranteed amount of this Letter of Guarantee will be reduced in proportion to the sum already paid.6．当与表时间的名词使用时，用介词on，有时也可用其它相应的介词短语。
如：1）借款企业必须按银行规定的计算利息日期支付利息。
The borrower shall pay interest on the date set by the bank for its computation.2）乙方人员的工资应按天计算，从离开广州之日起计，直到离开伊拉克之日截止。
Wages of the Personnel of Party B shall be paid in respect of every day from the date of departure from Guangzhou until the date of departure from Iraq.二、使用动词有时用动词短语confirm to , comply with, abide by等能使行文更简洁。
如：若劳务公司不按合同规定派出人员，雇主在提前7天书面通知劳务公司后有权终止本合同。
If Party B fails to comply with / confirm to / abideby the terms and conditions of the Contract in dispatching the Personnel, the Employer may terminate this Contract by serving a seven days’ prior notice in writing to Party B. （比较：…fails to be in compliance with …）三、用其它形式，如副词、连词等。
1）磷酸三钙含量低于所保证的72%，须按每单位售价的2%计算补贴，从货款中扣除，不足一个单位的按比例计算。
Should the content of Tribasic Phosphate of Lime fall below the guaranteed 72%, an allowance on the basis of 2% of the sales price for each unit shall be calculated and deducted from the purchase price fractions pro rata.（副词）2）双方发生任何争议不能通过友好协商解决时，应按照国际商会的调解和仲裁规则在伦敦进行仲裁。
Any dispute arising out of this Contract, which cannot be settled by amicable negotiation between theparties, shall be referred to arbitration pursuant to the Rules of Conciliation and arbitration of International Chamber of Commerce in London. (短语副词)３）承包人应按投标报价单中所报的工程进度于14个月内完成全部工程。
The Contractor shall complete the whole works within 14 months as the progress schedule bid in the Contractor’s Quotation. （连词）四、用“零形”(zero form)所谓的“零形”是指根据具体的上下文，不直接表达出“按照”的语言形式，而是将其虚化，从而使行文更简洁、流畅。