中国农村的面源污染特征 及控制技术
Outline
Grain production and Fertilizer demand 谷物生产与肥料需求
Characteristics of NPS pollution in China 中国农村的面源污染特征
General countermeasures 面源污染控制总体思路
10
(n=31, P < 0.001)
5 1980s: 13.2 kg N/ha
4 3
2000s: 21.1 kg N/ha
60% of increase
NH3-N/NOx-N
2
1
0
Air pollution in Beijing
400
北京的空气污染
300
Livestock unit (106 heads)
JAAS
什么是面源污染
面源污染
面源污染一般地理解为一种分散的污染 源造成的水体污染，即降雨动能的冲击作用 及地表径流冲刷而产生的土壤颗粒、土壤有 机物、化肥、农药、有机肥料或城市街面堆 积物等随地表径流流入受纳水体、引起水质 污染的一种污染类型。
JAAS
农业面源污染概况
农业源污染物排放对水环境的影响较大， 其化学需氧量排放量为1324.09万吨，占化 学需氧量排放总量的43.7%。农业源也是总 氮、总磷排放的主要来源，其排放量分别为 270.46万吨和28.47万吨，分别占排放总量 的57.2%和67.4%。
JAAS
1. Grain Production and Demand in China 中国的谷物生产与需求(来自张福锁)
Grain deGrmaainnd( aminlldioprnotdoun)ction (M ton) Population (M)
700
Grain demand
Grain production
10000 8000
8700
6000 4000
5000
2000 0
135 1970s
600 1980s
2000s
2007
(Jin, 2009)
90 79
75
60
45
30 20
15
0.2 0
1960s
0.5 1970s
4 1980s
1990s
2000s
(China State Oceanic Administration, 2009）
(Science 2009, 1014-1015)
JAAS
NATURE (Liu et al.,2013)
NH3 or NOx emission (Tg N yr-1)
16 d
14
12
NH3 NOx-N NH3-N/NOx-N
10 y= -0.0709x+144.6
8 (n=31, P < 0.001)
Fertilizer Overuse and Misuse
JAAS
(来自张福锁)
Area (km2) Annual Number of Red Tides
Eutrophication
水体富营养化
China’s eutrophied lake area reached 8700 km2 (2007) over the last 4 decades.
Demand was estimated by using average grain demand of 400 kg/capita/year)
China's share of world percentage (%)
1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009
600
Population
500
1600
580
600
620
640 1400
531
1200
505
431
400
407
300
305
1000 800 600
200
214
400
100
200
0
0
1961 1969 1977 1985 1993 2001 2009 2017 2025
JAAS
Year Year
(Data from the Statistic Bureau of China
6
y=0.315x-619.21 (n=31, P < 0.001)
4
2 0
50 e
40
N Fertilizer Livestock unit
y=7.0010-49 e0.0561x (n=31, P < 0.001)
y=8.999x-17, 723
30
(n=31, P < 0.001)
20
y=0.842x-1, 657.4
Remarkable contribution to the world 中国的土地、谷物产量、肉产量及人口的占比
8% arable land, 20% cereals , 28% meat ,
20% land
Cereals yield
25
Population
Meat yield
20
15
10
5
(来自张福锁)
0
JAAS
Year
Data source: FAO and UN
Grain production and resources input
谷物生产与投入品数量
(来自张福锁) Cereal grain yield in China has been merely secured by much higher input of resources including fertilizer, irrigation, plastic film and other chemicals. Data are based on the China statistic yearbook (NBAC, 1961-2010. Zhang et al., 2011; Shen et al., 2013) JAAS
Reduce-Retain-Reuse-Restore (4R) technology 面源污染控制的4R技术
Future action and research 未来的研究与行动计划
JAAS
什么是点源污染
点源污染
从污染源发生的类型来看，水环境的 污染可分为点源与面源两大类。点源污 染主要指工业生产过程中与部分城市生 活中产生的污染物，因此，这种污染形 式具有排污点位集中、排污途径明确等 特征。