(about learning)
• Prestige and image planning (about image)
Status planning
• Status planning is the allocation or reallocation of a language or variety to functional domains within a society, thus affecting the status, or standing, of a language.
Spolsky（2004）: 真正意义上 的语言政策更有可能是存在 于一个言语社区中的个人或 团体的语言实践中，或者存 在于这些个人和团体对语言 的信念或意识中；它可能是 对一个特殊的语音、一种表 达方式、或是对某一种语言 的选择；做出这种选择可能 是某个人或者社会中某个被 授权或未被授权的团体；这 些选择可能会被某授权团体 以正式的语言规划的方式使 其形成明确的规定。
Language Planning Goals
(Kaplan and Baldauf, 2003: 202)
（Chinese version for this table can be found in Zhao Shouhui (2007). 国际语言规划的新发展－以非主流语言教学为例.）
1. Policy Planning (on form) Goals 1. Status Planning (about society) Approaches Types (overt - covert) Status Standardisation ■ Officialisation ■ Nationalisation ■ Proscription 2. Cultivation Planning (on function) Goals Revival ■ Restoration ■ Revitalisation ■ Reversal Maintenance Interlingual Communication ■ International ■ Intra-national Spread Lexical Modernisation Stylistic Modernisation Renovation ■ Purification ■ Reform ■ Stylistic simplification ■ Terminological unification Internationalisation Reacquisition Maintenance Foreign Language / Second Language Shift
3. Language-in-Education (Acquisition) Planning (about learning)
4. Prestige Planning (about image)
Language Promotion ■ Official / Government ■ Institutional ■ Pressure group ■ Individual
Language Policy
Spolsky (2004): language policy is about choice, the choice of a specific sound, or expression, or of a specific variety of language, which is regularly made by an individual, or a socially defined group of individuals, or a body with authority over a defined group of individuals. The real language policy of a community is more likely to be found in its practices than its management.
Language Policy and Planning
Categories of LPP
• Status planning (about
society)
语言规划分类：
•us planning (about
language)
• Language-ineducation planning
2. Corpus Planning (about language)
Corpus Standardisation ■ Graphisation ■ Grammatication ■ Lexication Auxiliary Code Standard ■ Graphisation ■ Grammatication ■ Lexication Access Policy Personnel Policy Curriculum Policy Methods & Materials Policy Resourcing Policy Community Policy Evaluation Policy
Language Planning and Language Policy
语言规划与政策
Gao Baoli
Language Planning
Language planning, which has been variously defined by scholars in their literature (See, e.g., Cooper, 1989; Liu, 2006), is broadly perceived as the organized activity to study language issues for solving language problems. (For various d e f i n i t i o n s , s e e e. g. , Cooper, 1989; Liu, 2006.)
Corpus planning
• Corpus planning refers to the prescriptive intervention in the forms of a language, whereby planning decisions are made to engineer changes in the structure of the language.Corpus planning activities often arise as the result of beliefs about the adequacy of the form of a language to serve desired functions. Unlike status planning, which is primarily undertaken by administrators and politicians, corpus planning generally involves planners with greater linguistic expertise. There are three traditionally recognized types of corpus planning: graphization, standardization, and modernization.
• Official - An official language "function[s] as a legally appropriate language for all politically and culturally representative purposes on a nationwide basis." Often, the official function of a language is specified in a constitution. Provincial - A provincial language functions as an official language for a geographic area smaller than a nation, typically a province or region (e.g. French in Quebec)[11] Wider communication - A language of wider communication is a language that may be official or provincial, but more importantly, functions as a medium of communication across language boundaries within a nation (e.g. Hindi in India; Swahili language in East Africa)[11] International - An international language functions as a medium of communication across national boundaries (e.g. English)[11] Capital - A capital language functions as a prominent language in and around a national capital (e.g. Dutch and French in Brussels)[11] Group - A group language functions as a conventional language among the members of a single cultural or ethnic group (e.g. Hebrew amongst the Jews)[11]\ Educational - An educational language functions as a medium of instruction in primary and secondary schools on a regional or national basis (Urdu in West Pakistan and Bengali in East Pakistan)[11] School subject - A school subject language is a language that is taught as a subject in secondary school or higher education (e.g. Latin and Ancient Greek in English schools)[11] Literary - A literary language functions as a language for literary or scholarly purposes (Ancient Greek)[11] Religious - A religious language functions as a language for the ritual purposes of a particular religion (e.g. Latin for the Latin Rite within the Roman Catholic Church; Arabic for the reading of the Qur'an)