大学硕士学位论文环境民事公益诉讼研究：颜可申请学位级别：硕士专业：环境与资源保护法学指导教师：宋宗宇20060401大学硕士学位论文中文摘要摘要公益诉讼是近年来的社会热点问题，但学界对于公益诉讼的研究大部分还停留在行政公益诉讼之上，而对民事公益诉讼很少提及，对于公益诉讼在环境法领域的研究就更加薄弱。
基于目前环境民事公益诉讼的研究现状，以此为选题。
引言主要概述环境问题产生的背景及我国环境保护中单轨制的弊端。
工业革命以后，环境公害问题受到了世界各国的关注，大量的国家开始了环境立法，但这时环境保护立法的一个突出特点是政府管制，政府承担着保护环境的主要任务，环境管理就成了环境保护的最主要的手段。
然而只有国家一个代表主体来保护环境是很不充分的，因为与一般的侵害行为相比，环境公害往往是一种有价值的行为，国家作为公共利益的维护者，在面临社会发展、经济增长等多种政策目标选择时，对环境利益与经济利益进行“利益衡量”的结果往往会导致纵容社会活动对环境的污染和破坏，以牺牲环境为代价追求经济的快速发展。
这种传统的以国家为主的“单轨制”保护模式不能完全达到对环境公益保护的目的。
为了改善环境保护的现状和使法律赋予的权利得到实现，我们有必要对环境民事公益诉讼展开深入的研究。
正文分为四个部分，第一部分首先介绍了环境民事公益诉讼的涵义、特征和功能。
从公益诉讼到环境公益诉讼再到环境民事公益诉讼，层层推演得出一个结论，环境民事公益诉讼是指享有环境权的主体，根据法律的规定或诉讼信托，为了保护社会公共环境权益，对侵害公共环境权益者，向人民法院提起诉讼，并要求其承担民事责任的诉讼过程。
与传统的环境侵权救济方式相比，环境民事公益诉讼具有显著的预防性和利益不直接相关性。
其在社会中发挥了重要的作用，它是一种有效的法律监督方式和环境民事补偿机制，有利于弥补国家环境行政管理的漏洞，有利于公民环境权利的实现。
然后笔者从经济基础、思想基础和法理基础三个方面对环境民事公益诉讼的立论基础进行了分析。
环境资产的稀缺性是建立环境民事公益诉讼制度的经济基础；福利国家思想的影响和社会法学派的倡导为该制度的建立营造了良好的社会氛围；宪法上的人权原则、法治原则，环境法上的公民环境权的确立以及诉讼法上的当事人理论的扩和诉讼信托等理论，为该制度奠定了坚实的法理基石。
第二部分从两大法系的角度出发，对环境民事公益诉讼制度进行域外考察，总结出其在国外发展的经验并揭示其未来发展的趋势。
英美法系主要以美国的公民诉讼、英国的检举人诉讼和印度的书信管辖权和司法调查权为代表；大陆法系主要介绍了德国的团体诉讼和民众诉讼、法国的民事公诉以及日本的选举人诉讼I大学硕士学位论文中文摘要制度。
英美国家贯彻实用主义的路线，通过一个个判例逐步建立起了关于环境民事公益诉讼的多项原则，并且随着实践的发展各项规定都在不断的改进和完善。
而大陆法系国家由于受成文法典的制约，立法的滞后性导致了环境民事公益诉讼发展的步伐比较缓慢。
第三部分结合我国的实际，阐述现行诉讼体系中环境民事公益诉讼缺失的现状，以及行政手段和群体性诉讼在环境公益保护方面的局限等方面，从而提出了建立我国环境民事公益诉讼制度的必要性，并从科学发展观、公民环保意识的高涨和学界积极的倡导这几个现实的角度论述了建立我国环境民事公益诉讼制度的可行性。
第四部分则论述了我国环境民事公益诉讼的模式选择及在制度构建中应注意的一些问题。
通过两大法系的比较，发现建立我国环境民事公益诉讼制度时，可以以英美法系已经确立的许多原则为蓝本，结合我国的现实修改民事诉讼法。
我们必须贯彻科学发展观，在我国现有的民事诉讼制度基础上，通过当事人理论的扩，诉之利益的延伸，诉讼信托的建立和干预原则的利用，建立环境民事公益诉讼制度。
主要以环境民事公益诉讼特定的原告资格、受案围、举证责任和保障措施等特殊规则为本文研究重点。
在环境公益诉讼原告问题上，笔者认为应该三管其下，赋予检察机关、社会团体和公民个人广泛的诉讼权利，通过民事公益诉讼让环境得到最好的体现。
至于举证责任也应该区分主体而定，对社会团体和公民个人提起的民事公益诉讼，只需提供盖然性的证明；检察机关提起的诉讼则应实行“谁主，谁举证”的原则。
同时，我们有必要建立相关的保障措施，一方面通过设立奖励基金和对原告诉讼费用的分担机制，积极鼓励更多人参与到环境民事公益诉讼中；另一方面又要防止滥诉的发生，30 日的行政前置程序和滥诉责任的追究都是很有效的方式。
关键词：环境公害，公益诉讼，公民诉讼，科学发展观，举证责任II大学硕士学位论文英文摘要ABSTRACT These years public lawsuit has become a hot issue in society but much attentionhas been paid on the administration public lawsuit in our country. Frankly speaking theresearch on civil public lawsuit is very weak especially on environmental part. In orderto attract jade this article intends to do a preliminary research on environmental civilpublic lawsuit and its relevant questions. The introduction mainly outlines the background of environmental problem andthe abuses of our one-track protect system. Since the industrial revolution the problemof environmental hazard has attracted attention from many countries. And thosecountries have established environmental legislation. But there is a distinctcharacteristic about environmental protection legislation which isgovernmentregulation. Under the circumstance government should play a main role inenvironmental protection. Thus environmental management becomes the main measures.However it is not enough. Because compared with other general injurious actenvironmental hazard is an act having values. As the vindicator of social benefit facingsocial development and economic growth a country will connive environmentalpollution and destroy caused by all kinds of social activities when balancing theenvironmental benefit and economical benefit and pursue rapid development ofeconomy even at the expense of environment. This traditional one-track protectionmode represented by nation can not completely achieve the goal of environment publicprotecting. To prove the situation we need to make the law to reflect the reality and topromote society progress and we need to get down to the research on environmentalcivil public lawsuit. The dissertation is divided into four sections. The first section discusses theconception characteristic and functions of environmental civil public lawsuit.Frompublic lawsuit to environmental public lawsuit then to environmental civil publiclawsuit the author draws a conclusion. The environmental civil public lawsuit refers toa process in which those who enjoy the environmental right according to therequirements of law and complaint trust lodge a complaint to those who destroy the spublic environmental interest to the people’court and require them to bear civilresponsibility. Compared with traditional way of environmental violations reliefenvironmental civil public lawsuit which plays an important role in society is III大学硕士学位论文英文摘要significantly of preventative and indirectly relevant with benefit. In favor of filling gads in national environmental administration and realizing theright of citizens It is an effective legal means of monitoring and environment of civilcompensation mechanism. Then the author analyzes the theory base of environmentalcivil public lawsuit form the following 3 aspects: economic base the ideologicalfoundation and the legal base. The scarcity of environmental assets is an economic baseof establishing goodenvironmental civil public lawsuit. The impact of the welfare stateand social law school’advocacy create a good social atmosphere for establishing thesystem. Constitutional principles of popular sovereignty the principles of the rule of lawthe establishment of citizens’environmental right of environmental law and theexpansion of Litigant theory and litigation trust theory have made a solid legalfoundation for the system. The second section focus on the foreign environmental civil public lawsuit systemfrom the perspective of two different law system concludes its development processand explores the future developing tendency. Anglo-American law system is mainlyrepresented by citizen lawsuit in America accuser lawsuit in Britain and letterjurisdiction and judicial investigative power in India. While the continental law systemmainly introduces group action and popular action in Germany civil public lawsuit inFrance and accuser lawsuit system in Japan. Britain and America carry out pragmatism.Through many cases they have established many principles on environmental civilpublic lawsuit gradually. Andwith the development of practice they improve andperfect every principle. On the contrary the continental law system is restricted by thewritten code and the lag of legislation causes the slow development of environmentalcivil public lawsuit. The third section concludes the situation in China. The author states the incompleteenvironmental civil public lawsuit in current lawsuit system and administrative means sand group lawsuit’limitation of this aspect. Thus the author puts forward the necessityof establishing domestic environmental civil public lawsuit system in China andexplains the feasibility to establish from the prospective of rising citizens’environment-protection awareness and sparkplug of academic authorities. The fourth section discusses the choice of model of domestic environmental civilpublic litigation and some problems should be paid attention to. Through comparison ofthe two main law system the author finds out that when we establish our environmentalcivil public interest litigation system we can refer to the established law principles in IV大学硕士学位论文英文摘要Britain and American law system as a blueprint while combining Chinas current amendCivil procedure law. Moreover we must implement the concept of scientificdevelopment and under our existing civil procedure law basis establish integratedapproach proceedings with a startup mode of multi-subject a pilot of prepositive reviewprocess and a lawsuit way of advance prevention model. The paper focuses on the givenplaintiff qualifications the scope of the case the responsibility of presenting evidenceand special rules and protection measures of environmental civil public lawsuit. Theauthor thinks that plaintiff should include Procuratorial agency and civic and socialgroups. And the scope of case can be weighed through the degree of examination andrelief which is limited in the scope of those behaviors: administrative organ can notdirectly intervene according to the executive on the basis of quotlawquot principle there is norealistic effect after the administrative organ dealing with and harm environmentpublic interest. Due to the diversity of the plaintiff the responsibility ofpresentingevidence should be treated differently according to different subjects. And on behalf ofthe country Procuratorial agency should follow quotWho advocates who proofquot principle.Protection measures include inspiration mechanism countermeasures for indiscriminate sand overflow lawsuit and the use of hearing procedure. To encourage people’participance it should be the defendant who is responsible for the reasonable attorneyexpense when the plaintiff wins or the plaintiff make some attribute to the publicwelfare if not completely win and also the wining plaintiff will be given necessaryreward. To prevent indiscriminate lawsuit it is necessary to establish noticingadministrative prepositive procedure in 30 days and call to the liability for tort. For itinvolves in complicated and magnitude interest hearing procedure will be brought inenvironmental civil public lawsuit which can enable more people to haveenvironmental education and also is in favor of all parties to know every links of thejudgment. Thus all the parities would consciously obey the result andthen Procuratorialagency can lower judicial costs.Key words: social effect of pollution；public lawsuit；the citizen suit；view of scientific development onus probandi V大学硕士学位论文引言引言环境问题是指因自然变化或人类活动而引起的环境质量下降或生态系统失调，以及由此给人类的生存和发展带来不利影响的现象。