校长(大学)President of Beijing University校长(中小学)Principal of Donghai Middle School院长(大学下属)Dean of the Graduate School系主任(大学学院下属)Chair/Chairman of the English Department会长\主席(学\协会)President of the Student Union, Shanghai University厂长(企业)Director of the Machine Tools Manufacturing Plant院长(医院)President of Huadong Hospital主任(中心)Director of the Business Center主任(行政)Director of Foreign Affairs Office董事长(企业)President/Chairman of the Board of Directors董事长(学校)President/Chairman of the Board of Trustees首席长官的汉语称谓常以“总…….”表示,而表示首席长官的英语称谓则常带有chief, general, head, managing这类词,因此当翻译冠以“总”字的头衔时,需遵循英语头衔的表达习惯:总书记general secretary总工程师chief engineer总会计师chief accountant总建筑师chief architect总编辑chief editor; editor-in-chief; managing editor总出纳chief cashier; general cashier总裁判chief referee总经理general manager; managing director; executive head总代理general agent总教练head coach总导演head director总干事secretary-general; commissioner总指挥commander-in-chief总领事consul-general总监chief inspector; inspector-general总厨head cook; chef有些部门或机构的首长或主管的英译,可以一些通用的头衔词表示,例如下列机构的负责人可以用director, head 或chief 来表示:司(部署)department厅(省署)department署(省属)(行署)office; administrative office局bureau所institute处division科section股section室office教研室program/section例:局长: director of the bureau, head of the bureau, bureau chief.国务院the State Council 属下的部为ministry,所以部长叫做minister. 另外,公署专员叫做commissioner,其办事机构叫做“专员公署”,英语为prefectural commissioner’s office.汉语中表示副职的头衔一般都冠以“副”字,英译时需视词语的固定搭配或表达习惯等情况,可选择vice associate assistant deputy等词。
相对而言,vice使用面较广,例如:副总统(或大学副校长等)vice president副主席(或系副主任等)vice chairman副总理vice premier副部长vice minister副省长vice governor副市长vice mayor副领事vice consul副校长(中小学)vice principal行政职务的副职头衔与学术头衔的“副”职称往往用不同的词表达,最为常用的英语词是associate,例如:副教授associate professor副研究员associate research fellow副主编associate managing editor副编审associate senior editor副审判长associate judge副研究馆员associate research fellow of …(e.g., library science)副译审associate senior translator副主任医师associate senior doctor当然,有些英语职位头衔,如manager和headmaster,其副职头衔可冠以assistant,例如:副总经理assistant/deputy general manager, assistant/deputy managing director大堂副理(宾馆)assistant manager副校长(中小学)assistant headmaster以director 表示的职位的副职常以deputy director表示。
此外secretary,mayor,dean 等头衔的副职也可冠以deputy,例如:副秘书长deputy secretary-general副书记deputy secretary副市长deputy mayor副院长deputy dean学术头衔系列除了含“正”“副”级别的高级职称和中级职称外,还有初级职称如“助理”,“助理”常用assistant来表示,例如:助理教授assistant professor助理研究员assistant research fellow助理工程师assistant engineer助理编辑assistant editor助理馆员assistant research fellow of… (e.g. , library science)助理教练assistant coach助理农艺师assistant agronomist还有一些行业的职称头衔,其高级职称不用“正”或“副”表示,而直接用“高级”或“资深”来表示,我们可以用senior 来称呼,例如:高级编辑senior editor高级工程师senior engineer高级记者senior reporter高级讲师senior lecturer高级教师senior teacher高级农艺师senior agronomist有一些行业的职称或职务系列中,最高级别的职位冠以“首席”一词,英语常用chief 来表示:首席执行官chief executive officer (CEO)首席法官chief judge首席顾问chief advisor首席检察官chief inspector/ prosecutor首席仲裁员chief arbitrator首席监事chief supervisor首席播音员chief announcer/ broadcaster首席代表chief representative首席记者chief correspondent除了用“总”“高级”“首席”等词语来表示一些机构或行业的最高级职务之外,还有一些高级职务则使用带“长”字的头衔,例如:检察长procurator-general审判长presiding judge; chief judge; chief of judges护士长head nurse秘书长secretary-general参谋长chief of staff厨师长head cook, chef有的头衔会含有诸如“代理”,“常务”,“执行”,“名誉”这类称谓语。
一般说来,“代理”可译作acting,例如:代理市长acting mayor代理总理acting premier代理主任acting director“常务”可以managing 表示,例如:常务理事managing director常务副校长managing vice president (first vice mayor)“执行”可译作executive,例如:执行主任executive director执行秘书executive secretary执行主席executive chairman, presiding chairman“名誉”译为honorary, 例如:名誉校长honorary president/principal名誉主席/会长honorary chairman/president有些职称或职务带有“主任”,“主治”,“特级”,“特派”,“特约”等头衔,英译不尽相同,例如:主任编辑associate senior editor主任秘书chief secretary主任医师senior doctor主任护士senior nurse主治医师attending/chief doctor; physician; consultant特级教师special-grade senior teacher特级记者accredited correspondent特派员/专员commissioner特约编辑contributing editor特约记者special correspondent许多职称,职务的头衔称谓其英语表达法难以归类,需要日积月累,逐步登录在自己的称谓语料库中。
以下所列举是其中的一部分:办公室主任office manager财务主任treasurer车间主任workshop manager/director编审senior editor博导doctoral student supervisor研究生导师graduate student supervisor客座教授visiting professor院士a..........emician译审senior translator村长village head领班captain, foreman, gaffer经纪人broker税务员tax collector研究馆员research fellow of…股票交易员stock dealer红马夹(stock exchange) floor broker业务经理service/business/operation manager住院医生resident(doctor), registrar国际大师international master注册会计师chartered/certified public accountant; registered/incorporated accountant我国有一些常见的荣誉称号(honorary title)在许多英语国家没有对应的表达语,现列举部分英译供参考:标兵pacemaker学习标兵student pacemaker; model student劳动模范model worker模范教师model teacher优秀教师excellent teacher优秀员工outstanding employee, employee of the month/year青年标兵model youth/youth pacemaker青年突击手youth shock worker三好学生“triple-A” outstanding student; outstanding student三八妇女红旗手“March 8th Red Banner” outstanding woman pacemaker。