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英语语言学概论面子理论


Two types of face theory
Brown and Levinson (1987) proposed that there are two kinds of face which are distinguishable yet related: positive face and negative face.
Positive face is “the positive consistent self-
image or “personality‟ (crucially including the de
s
-
ire that this selfimage be appreciated and approved
例二:A: Excuse me, Sir, would you like to tell me when would the match begin?
B. It will begin at 8 o'clock.

在例一中,讲话人得到了听话人的同意,他的正面面子得到了满
Байду номын сангаас
足。在例二中,当说话人问及比赛何时开始时,他势必要打扰听话人
of) claimed by interactions”.
Negative face is “the basic claim to territories, personal preserves, rights to concentration.
例一:A: It's cold today, isn't it? B. Yes, it is.
Face Negotiation Theory
TingToomey's (1988) face negotiation theory is based on the work of Goffman (1959)and Brown and Levinson's (1987) politeness theory. The face negotiation theory is developed to explain the cultural similarities and differences in face concerns as a behavioral guidance for conflict strategies. The theory proposes that there are two conceptual dimensions:
面子理论的中英文化差异
同:中英语中都有委婉语来间接表达人们忌讳的现象;人 们在交流中尽量保持礼貌原则,不伤对方的面子。
异:1、中英语对于面子的理解本身就存在差别。事实上 礼貌并非中国特有,全世界每个民族都有其文化背景下的 礼貌规范。只是民族间有着千差万别的表达方式而已。面 子作为其中最重要的一方面也是一样的。和西方的理解不 同,我国学者顾曰国提出了中国的四项礼貌原则特征:尊 重(respectfulness)、谦逊(modesty)、态度热情 (attitudinal warmth)和文雅(refinement)
Face theory(面子理论)
——12英语2班:丁王婷 陈楠 刘燕妹 庞林艳 高志鹏 翟晓波
面子理论简介
早在 1955 年高夫曼(Goffman)就提出了 “面子(face work)这一概念。高夫曼认为面子 问题的关键就在于交际会话中双方要尽力保护自 己和对方的面子。
1978 年,布朗和莱文森在高夫曼的理论基础 上进一步提出了他们“面子理论”。他们的贡献 就是提出了面子理论跨越不同文化的特点。他们 相信“面子这一抽象概念是具有普遍性的”。 “其中心思想就是要理解相互交往中对不同行为 所采取的策略,而这些行为是建立在人们为了满 足某种需要基础上的”。
的行动自由和个人空间。所以发话人使用来暗示对方没有义务非要对
发话人的询问做出答复的方式,给听话人选择的自由,使听话人的负
面面子得到满足。
The reasons for protecting positive and negative face
In terms of positive and negative face needs, individuals in different cultures may also vary in the degree to which they value each of them. Because autonomy and uniqueness are more strongly valued in individualistic cultures than in collectivistic cultures (Markus & Kitayama, 1991). Individualists, compared to collectivists, may be more concerned with protecting negative face (TingToomey, 1988). Collectivists, compared t o individualists, maybe more concerned with protecting positi ve face (Ting-Toomey, 1988).
Brown and Levinson解释说面子是一种情感投资, 它可能会丢失、保持、或得到捍卫。但是,它总 是交往中不断被关注的对象。我们不难发现这一 概念和我们传统文化中的“丢面子”、“给面子” 等概念极为相似。在我们的文化传统中说丢面子 就意味着我们在谈话中受到了羞辱,遭受了尴尬 局面。根据Brown and Levinson的理论,面子就 是公众形象。它可以被分为“正面面子”和“负 面面子”。
1) face concern dimension:self-face concern, other face concern or mutual face concern.
2 face need dimension :positive face need and negative face need
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