美国房地产状况及美国土地法
US Real Estate Market & American Land Law
美国房地产市场现状 及美国土地法
All real estate: residential and commercial 所有房地产市场(住宅和商业用房)的需求供给情况
1、美国房屋平均价格(NAR Existing Sales)和平均每户收入
How does law relate to land?法律如何与土地相关联?
American law on land is based on:美 国土地法的渊源:
Common Law 普通法
Decisions made by Federal & state courts 联邦法院和州法院 的判决
Condemnation: Legal procedure for exercising the right of eminent domain 征收权:权力的行使需要法定程序的限制
Public use vs. public purpose 公共用途和公共目的 Kelo v. New London Kelo诉新伦敦政府
Enforcement of Restrictive Covenants 限制性条款的强制执行
Enforcement by court injunction 依据法院强制令的强制执行 Enforcement only by “parties at interest” 依据利益相关方意思的强制执行
Isolated deed restriction: Grantor or grantor’s heirs 单独的契据限制:来自权利人或者权利人的继承人 Subdivision restrictions: All current owners, lenders with mortgage loans, and renters only within subdivision 区域开发中的限制性条款:现在的所有人,抵押贷款的借款人,开发区域 内的租赁人 Courts are reluctant to enforce in case of delayed enforcement (abandonment), changed neighborhood, changed public policy 法院不愿执行的情况:申请过于迟延的强制执行(视为放弃权利),社区改 变,公共政策改变 Retirement of restrictive covenants in some states 限制性条款变为无效
Legislative law 制定法
Legislatures制定法
Federal - Congress 联邦——国会 State 各州 Local/municipal地方/市的
Federal Law 联邦法
US Constitution: No taking without just compensation
法院的功能:土地争议解决,
Registration 登记 Transfers 转让 Title 产权 Mortgages 抵押贷款 property taxation 财产税 land use 土地使用
State land use plans and some zoning 各州土地使用计划和一些分区制 Authorizes local governments 对地方政府的授权
State and local governments own 10% Private ownership is 55%
各州和地方政府拥有10% 私人拥有55%
Define land“土地”的界定
Land陆上的 Mineral rights 矿产权益 Air rights土地之上的空间权利 Not water不包括“水域” Buildings建筑物 Fixtures – items in buildings - personal property附着物—建筑物内的物品—动产
Local government laws地方政 府法律
Cities, villages, towns 城市,乡村,城镇 Land use: zoning 土地使用:分区制 Property taxation: bulk of local government revenue comes from property taxes 财产税:地方政府大部分收入源于财产税 Miscellaneous laws: rent control 各种法律:租金控制
Easements – land rights unlike licenses (permission)地役权——不同于许可(私人授权 )
Affirmative easements:积 极的地役权
Driveway or access right-of-way 家用车道和通行权
Sewer line 下水道
土地用途管制涉及一定社会区域或地理区域 内未来土地开发的原则和标准。
LAND-USE: Zoning土地使用:分区规划
Zoning is the regulation of land uses, population densities, and building types and sizes by ordering the uses of land according to zones, or special districts 分区规划对土地用途、人口密度、建筑物类型和大小进行规 制(依据不同区域的土地用途)
美国宪法:没有合理补偿不得征收
Eminent domain: right for government to purchase land from private owners
征收权:政府从私人手中购买土地的权利 。
Power of Eminent Domain
征收的权力
Eminent domain: Right of government to acquire private land, without the owner’s consent, for public use, with due process and just compensation 征收权:政府可以不经土地所有者同意获得土地的权力,但必须 基于公共用途,经过正当程序并且有公正补偿
US land ownership美国土地所有权分布
Federal owns 35% of the land – primarily in the western United States & Alaska; generally forest and mountainous land
联邦政府拥有35%的土地——主要在西部和阿拉斯加,多 为森林和山地
…and this has been true across sectors
不同领域的房地产需求供给情况(住宅,工业,办公, 零售业)
Foreclosure rates are at historic highs and are still increasing
抵押品赎回权丧失的 比例达到历史最高并
Public land-use planning involves the development of guidelines and criteria for the determination and control of future land uses in a community, or geographic area.
State Law各州法律
Common law on real estate for each state - evolves from England - each state different
各州房地产方面的普通法-从英国逐步发展 而成-各州各不相同
Functioning courts: land issues, evictions, foreclosures
且正在不断增长。
Foreclosures: more to come?
更多抵押赎回权的丧失正在发生?
Where are
the
foreclosure
s?
哪里是抵押赎回 权丧失高发地区?
W 西部 NC中北部 SE东南部
The net result has been a dramatic reduction in commercial mortgage credit availability
LIENS担保权
PROPERTY TAX 财产税优先权 MORTGAGE 抵押 MECHANIC OR CONSTRUCTION Lien建筑物上优先权或建设工程留 置权 JUDGMENT判决优先权
PUBLIC PLANNING FOR LAND-USE CONTROL – since the 1920’s 从1920年开始的土地用途管制
Construction quality & safety issues are regulated by building codes, fire codes, or health & safety standards. 建筑物质量和安全问题受到建筑规范、消防规范以及人 体安全健康标准的调整。 Zoning is intended to control negative externalities. 分区规划旨在控制土地利用的消极外部性问题。
Drainage 排水地役权
Common wall 公共的墙体
Negative easements 消极的地役权:
Light and air easement 采光和空气役权
Scenic easement 风景役权
Restrictive Covenants in deeds 契据中的限制性条款
Setback lines, height restrictions for structures 收进线,建筑物的高度限制 Minimum floor area 最小房屋面积 No freestanding structures 没有独立式的结构 No chain-link fences没有铁丝网栅栏 No RVs or boats parked in view of the street 没有房车或者小船停在街面 No cars regularly parked in the driveway 没有车辆停在车道 No garage door facing the street 没有车库门正对街道 Required architectural review 要求建筑学家的审核 No external antenna, satellite dish or clothesline 外部没有天线,圆盘式电视天线或晒衣绳