太阳光自动跟踪控制器设计
摘 要
近年，能源是人类面临经济发展和环境维护平衡需要解决的最根本最重要的问题。太阳能是一种极为丰富的清洁能源，同时通常最普遍且最方便使用的是电能。随着现代的能源越来越少，有些能源趋于匮乏状态。所以我们就根据实际情况设计了一个“太阳光自动跟踪控制器”。
现在，我们居住的家园以太阳光最为普遍，它给我们带来了光和热，我们就要合理的利用光和热，来为我们服务。我们就通过设计的“太阳光自动跟踪控制器”来实现太阳光跟踪。
我们设计的是根据光转换电来实现功能，首先，我们选光敏传感器来实现光电转换，其次，通过OPA2132PA来实现差分运算放大，再由继电器实现电机的正、反转，去控制翻转板的运动。从而实现太阳光自动跟踪。
光敏传感器分别由两只光敏电阻串联交叉组合而成，每一组的两只光敏电阻中的一只为比较器的上偏置电阻，另一只为下偏置电阻：一只检测太阳光照，另一只检测环境光照，送至比较器输入端的比较电平始终为两者光照之差。所以，本控制器能使太阳能接收装置四季全天候跟踪太阳光，调试简单，成本不高，运行可靠。
[关键词]：光敏电阻，OPA2132PA，继电器，直流电机，光电池翻转板。
目 录
摘 要 ····································································································1
目 录 ··································································································III
引 言······································································································5
1 毕业设计的基本任务······························································································ 5
2 已有的实验基础和预期结果·················································································· 5
3 毕业设计所完成的主要内容·················································································· 5
第一章 自动跟踪控制器概论 ······························································6
1.1 概述······················································································································· 6
1.2 设计原则·············································································································· 6
1.2.1 通用性 ········································································································· 6
1.2.2 实用性 ········································································································· 6
1.3 系统组成及功能·································································································· 6
1.3.1 太阳光自动跟踪控制器的组成 ································································· 6
1.3.2 功能及工作原理介绍 ················································································· 7
第二章 设计方案与原理概述 ····························································10
2.1 设计的要求········································································································ 10
2.1.1 光敏传感器 ······························································································· 10
2.1.2 OPA2132PA运算放大器·········································································· 10
2.1.3 继电器 ······································································································· 10
2.2 方案论证·············································································································11
2.2.1 运算放大器的选择 ····················································································11
2.3 工作原理分析·····································································································11
2.4 设计中注意的问题···························································································· 13
2.4.1 集成电路的选择和使用 ··········································································· 13
第三章 设计实现 ···············································································14
3.1 PROTEL99SE概述······························································································· 14
3.2 电路原理图设计································································································· 14
3.2.1 Protel99SE电路原理图常用工具栏 ························································ 14
3.2.2 电路原理图的设计步骤 ··········································································· 14
3.3 印制电路板设计································································································ 15
3.3.1 Protel印制电路板设计工具的应用························································· 15
3.3.2 PCB布局布线规则··················································································· 15
3.3.3 印制电路板设计注意事项 ······································································· 16
3.4 PROTEL99SE的一些小窍门··············································································· 17
3.5 PCB板的安装焊接····························································································· 17
3.5.1 元器件的安装 ··························································································· 18
3.5.2 PCB板的焊接··························································································· 18
第四章 调试·······················································································21
4.1 电路板元件的安装和焊接················································································· 21
4.1.1 元器件的安装 ··························································································· 21
4.1.2 电路板元件的焊接 ··················································································· 21
4.2 电路板的调试···································································································· 22
4.2.1 装配工艺检查 ··························································································· 22
4.2.2 通电测试 ··································································································· 22
总结······································································································24
参考文献 ······························································································25
致谢······································································································26
附录········································································································ I
附录1：太阳光自动跟踪控制器原理图···································································· I
附录2：太阳光自动跟踪控制器PCB板···································································II
附录3：采用LM358作运放的原理图····································································· III
附录4：元器件清单································································································· IV
附录5：太阳光自动跟踪控制器实物图·································································· V