吸入抗胆碱能药物治疗儿童喘息性疾病研究进展与临床实践湖南省人民医院儿童医学中心钟礼立儿童喘息性疾病机制儿童喘息性疾病是临床儿科常见疾病儿童喘息性疾病包括:支气管哮喘、毛细支气管炎、其他阻塞性气道疾病(OAD ),属于临床儿科常见的疾病,因儿童气道发育尚未成熟、气道较成人狭窄,发病时常伴随喘息症状。
儿童哮喘(2010年统计数据发病率为3.02%)毛细支气管炎 (急性感染,常发生于2岁以下的婴幼儿) 其他阻塞性气道疾病 (以气道的气流受限、气道阻塞为特征疾病谱) Reference 1. Deshpande DA, Dileepan M, Walseth TF, et al. MicroRNA Regulation of Airway Inflammation and Airway Smooth Muscle Function: Relevance to Asthma. Drug Dev Res. 2015 Sep;76(6):286-95. 2.Zorc JJ and Hall CB. Bronchiolitis :recent evidence on diagnosis and management. Pediatrics, 2010. 125(2): 342-349. 3. Frey U, Barben J, Hammer J. Obstructive air way disease in infants and children. Ther Umsch. 2013 Nov;70(11):669-79. 4.Brand PL, Baraldi E, Bisgaard H, et al. Definition, assessment and treatment of wheezing disorders in preschool children: an evidence-based approach. Eur Respir J. 2008 Oct;32(4):1096-110. 5.全国儿科哮喘协作组,中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所.第三次中国城市儿童哮喘流行病学调查[J].中华儿科杂志,2013,51(10):729-735. 6.中国哮喘儿童家长知信行调查项目组.中国大陆29个城市哮喘患儿病情控制状况及影响因素[J].中华儿科杂志,2013,51(2):90-95.气道狭窄和气流受限是儿童喘息发病基础喘息发作时气道变化正常气道情况Reference1.Brand PL, Baraldi E, Bisgaard H, et al. Definition, assessment and treatment of wheezing disorders in preschool children: an evidence-based approach. Eur Respir J. 2008 Oct;32(4):1096-110.抗胆碱能药物ß2-受体激动剂 茶碱平滑肌细胞 收缩 舒张cAMP AMP M1M2M3 cGMP ATPGTP-- -+ + -迷走神经粘膜下腺副交感神经ACh 副交感神经节气道上皮 C.N.S. ACh ACh M 受体 神经节 喉食管 传入 感觉神经C 纤维 受体抗胆碱能药物多重舒张气道、抑制腺体分泌机制Reference1. Rogers L. and Hanania NA, Role of anticholinergics in asthma management: recent evidence and future needs. Curr Opin Pulm Med, 2015. 21(1): 103-108.儿童气道发育尚未成熟,M 受体分布具有明显优势儿童气道中M受体分布更多,抗胆碱能药物作用更明显>Reference1. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2007 Sep;6(9):721-33.2. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2012 Dec 1;303(11):L953-5.3. Lee HK, Lim MY, Bok SM, et al., Age differences in cholinergic airway responsiveness in relation with muscarinic receptor subtypes. Life Sciences, 2007. 81(3): 204-209.M 2受体为调节抑制性受体,可抑制M 1、M 3的过度表达M 1受体起信息传递作用,促进胆碱能神经反射,从而引起支气管收缩M 3受体介导乙酰胆碱,使支气管收缩,粘液分泌增多病毒感染致神经调节机制失衡 呼吸道病毒可引起β肾上腺素能受体功能降低,2呼吸道病毒增加气道胆碱能神经敏感性:抑制M2受体功能、M1、M3受体数量增加,亲和力上升,致使气道反应性增高,诱发持续/反复喘息或哮喘Quizon A,Colin AA,Pelosi U,Rossi GA. Curr Pharm Des, 2012,18(21):3061-3085.病毒感染与M 2受体功能障碍 Pharmacology & Therapeutics 98 (2003) 59-69. ANTIGE CHALLENGE Eosinophils OZONE INSULIN MBP干扰素巨噬细胞 神经氨酸酶 病毒M 2基因表达 M 2VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY病毒感染,M 2受体受到抑制抗胆碱能药更适用于儿童喘息性疾病的气道高反应性与β受体通路相比较,年幼儿童的喘息可能更多的是通过胆碱能机制介导1幼年个体气道平滑肌M受体高表达,可使其对胆碱能刺激的反应更敏感2婴幼儿β受体发育不成熟且稀少,反复使用β受体激动剂后气道内β受体数量和敏感性均下降,产生耐受性3病毒感染时β受体功能下调1.Life Sciences 2007;81:204-92.Med J Aust 2002;177:S64-6.3.Med J Qilu 2008;23:542-3.循证医学研究证据表明:抗胆碱能药物能有效舒张支气管Meta分析结果显示:抗胆碱能药联合SABA较单用SABA舒张支气管更有效;Refernce1. Griffiths B, Ducharme FM. Griffiths B, Ducharme FM. Combined inhaled anticholinergics and short-acting beta2-agonists for initial treatment of acute asthma in children. Combined inhaled anticholinergics and short-acting beta2-agonists for initial treatment of acute asthma in children.抗胆碱药物-药理作用异丙托溴铵通过阻断气道M1和M3受体发挥舒张气道的作用异丙托溴铵选择性阻断M1和M3受体,发挥舒张气道作用;Reference1. Cazzola M, Page CP, Calzetta L, et al. Pharmacology and therapeutics of bronchodilators. Pharmacol Rev. 2012,64(3):450-504.2. Price D, Fromer L, Kaplan A, et al. Is there a rationale and role for long-acting anticholinergic bronchodilators in asthma? NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2014 Jul 17;24:14023.异丙托溴铵和噻托溴铵的分子结构决定其为低脂溶性季铵类药物 异丙托溴铵 噻托溴铵季铵类药物 季铵类药物具有极性的异丙托溴铵不容易通过血脑屏障进入中枢系统引起中毒;临床采用吸入异丙托溴铵给药方式,儿童用药更安全;Reference 1.俞善昌, 盛锦云, 陈育智. 复方异丙托溴铵雾化吸入在儿童急性喘息性疾病中的应用. 临床儿科杂志, 2008,26(3):258-261. 2.Tashkin DP, Ashutosh K, Bleecker ER. Am J Med. 1986 Nov 14;81(5A):81-90.异丙托溴铵吸入途径给药更方便、可以直接作用于支气管和肺 吸入药物10-20%被直接吸入到肺和气道中发挥药效,余下80-90%被吞咽到消化道内缓慢吸收 进入门静脉系统发挥作用;Reference 1. 2017 GOLD Report, Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2. Goodman and Gilman Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics Section IV chapter 36——Pulmonary PharmacologyInhaled drug吸入异丙托溴铵治疗起效迅速、舒张气道作用持久异丙托溴铵雾化吸入后迅速起效,15min显著改善肺功能,30-60min达最大效应,药效持续时间可达6~8 小时,舒张气道作用持久;Reference1. 2017 GOLD Report, Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.2. 俞善昌, 盛锦云, 陈育智. 复方异丙托溴铵雾化吸入在儿童急性喘息性疾病中的应用. 临床儿科杂志, 2008,26(3):258-261.3. Tashkin DP, Ashutosh K, Bleecker ER. Comparison of the anticholinergic bronchodilator ipratropium bromide with metaproterenol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A 90-day multi-center study. Am J Med. 1986 Nov 14;81(5A):81-90.异丙托溴铵治疗儿童喘息性疾病方案哮喘是儿童最常见的慢性疾病 Reference 1. 2017 GINA Report, Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. •哮喘以气道炎症和气道高反应性为主因,所引起的气道痉挛性收缩,具体表现形式和严重程度具有随时间而变化的特点,并常伴有可逆的呼气气流受限。