‘‘ ●一■ V IeW长江航运“黄金十年” lll 占 /tt、 长江航运变 毒 l|I_,ll 1十 -Il0 本刊记者徐华 住长江头,我住长江尾,日日思君不见君,共饮长江水。”自古以来,长江就承载 了古人的万千情思,从巫山风雨到秦淮灯影,大江流经之处,无不摇曳着行船者的 漂泊与期盼。伴随着世事变迁,千年长江航运经历着沧桑巨变。
0流淌千年的繁荣 7000年前的新石器时期.独木舟开启了长江的原始 航程,由此长江航运的起源初定.至东汉木帆船广泛航 行于长江之中。到了唐代,长江成为全国通航里程最长、 货运量最大的河流,“蜀麻吴盐自古通.万斛之舟行若 3O 中国船检CHINASHIP SURVEY 2011 5 其他交通运输方式尚未形成和极其落后的社会时期,横 贯中华大地,畅达大江南北的长江航运,以其舟辑之利 服务于当时的军事、政治和经济,船舶成为人们社会生 活中不可缺少的重要交通工具。 近代长江航运.在压迫下求生存.在抗争中求发展. 长江民族航运业自强不息 在与列强资本的斗争中奋起。
靠一艘小火轮起家的民生公司,发展成为川江实力最雄 View长江航运“黄金十年’, 占 验。长江客货运输在激烈竞争、规范管理中优胜劣汰 货运从长江走向海洋 货运量大幅上升,客运逐步退出 长江。 1 976年,长江开始运输5吨的内贸箱,共4条航线, 大多采用甲板驳运输或客班轮捎带运输,长江集装箱运 输雏形初现。1 984年 长江下游开始发展国际集装箱运输, 主要标志为开辟了南京一香港航线。上世纪9O年代.长 江集装箱运输以重点开展境外中转到重点为上海港提供 支线服务为标志,集装箱运量增长相对缓慢。 迎来黄金机遇 九五”期以来,以实施界牌水道治理工程为标志, 拉开了长江航道系统治理的序幕。特别是长江下游随 着2005年长江1:3深水航道治理二期工程的完工 继南 京至浏河1:3航路改革、航道设施建设工程竣工 使1 0
32 中国船检CHINA SHIP SURVEY 2011 5 米深水航道延伸到南京 5万吨级海轮可乘潮直达南 京,揭开了以 数字化”为特征的航道现代化建设新篇 章。 航道的升级,给航运发展带来了机遇。长江集装箱 运输高速增长,外贸集装箱运输格局基本形成。2008年 末 长江水系省(市)共拥有集装箱运输船舶91 6艘,集 装箱船标准箱位944377TEU。其中,内河集装箱运输船 舶510艘,集装箱船标准箱位521 86TEU,平均载箱量 102 3TEU/艘。 随着长江航道的逐渐改善 汽车运输业在长江应运 而生。1 990年以后,由于沿江汽车制造工业的迅速发 展,长江干线水运开始有了商品汽车滚装船运输。2000 年初 川江上一位个体运输户将一艘普通货船改造成载 货汽车滚装船,开辟了川江段“万州一宜昌”的跨省载货 汽车滚装船运输的先河。后来由于载货汽车滚装船运输 市场需求的发展,又开辟了 重庆一宜昌”和”涪陵一宜 昌”两条航线 目前共有3条运输航线。截至2008年末 重庆市和湖北省共有川江载货汽车滚装运输企业1 9家 船舶11 5艘。5993台载货车位,平均车位52 1车位/ 艘。2003年至2008年问平均载货车位的年均增长率为 1 4 8%.载货汽车滚装运输船舶呈大型化发展趋势。这 些新兴的运输方式均给长江货运市场带来了充足货源和 蓬勃的生机。 1 994年以后 长江干线水运有了液化天然气(LNG) 船运输,2008年底长江干线有液化气船1 2艘,载气量 1 5284m。。2008年长江干线港口完成液化、天然气吞吐 量1 22 7万吨。目前从事长江干线液化气运输船舶的平 均船龄在1 7年以下。新世纪以来 长江省际内河散装化 学品运输发展迅猛。2008年末 经营长江水系省际散装 化学品运输船舶2442艘,98 1万净载重吨.平均船龄 为8年。 2010年,长江干线跨省货运量达1 5 02亿吨,干线 港1:3吞吐量超过1 1亿吨。在沿江经济发展中 8O%以上 的煤炭、石油、钢铁矿石、汽车等物资都是通过长江航 运提供运输保障 长江已经成为世界上运量最大、运输
最繁忙的河流,焕发出黄金水道的勃勃英姿。蔫 鬣 of S h i p p i n g o n Ya n gtze Rive r Reporter Xu Hua
drink/The Water clear of River Blue."--Li Zhiyi《Song Dynasty) Since ancient times,Yangtze River has been saturated with lingering sentiment of ancient literati,and imbued with nostalgia and expectations of drifting boatmen.Accompanied by historical vicissitudes, shipping on Yangtze River has also experienced drastic changes. 102 中国船检CHINASHIP SURVEY 2011.5 years’ Around 7,000 years ago,the Neolithic age saw the canoe carve out the original navigation route along Yangtze River.Thus,the origin of shipping on Yangtze River was initially established,but the wooden sail boats were not widely used on Yangtze River until Eastern Han Dynasty. During Tang Dynasty,Yangtze River was China’S longest river in terms of route mileage and largest in terms of cargo volume.
In modern times,shipping on Yangtze River rose to prominence in the process of China’s fighting against foreign imperialist powers.Min Sheng Company,which sta rted its business by operating a smalI steame r, became the most powerful private enterprise engaged in shipping on Yangtze River,and the largest—scale private capital shipping entity in modern times of China.In 1873, Merchants Steamship Navigation Company,China’s first enterprise invested by merchants and supervised by the government,was founded in Shanghai,marking China’s moving frOm agricultu ral to industrial and commerce society.The rise of Merchants Steamship Navigation CompanY and Min Sheng CompanY became the prominent representation of the emerging Yangtze River shipping industry in modern times. Forging ahead without fanfare The shipping on Yangtze Rive r became the main transportation channel in early days of New China.The renascent shipping on Yangtze River transported millions of tons of grains and military supplies,organized state.owned and private ships f0 support People’s Liberation Army of China to move south,accomplishing transport tasks for liberation of South West and Hainan as well as the Korean War.However,the navigation waterway dredging at that time was at the start-up stage,and shipping on Yangtze River stilI had to live at the mercy of the weather. At the beginning of 1953,the first reef blasting project was launched in Guan Yin Beach and Can Bei Liang,starting up the dredging of Yangtze River navigation waterways. The launch of Daijiazhou Zhigang d redging p roject opened up the history of navigation waterway dredging in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River.Since the 1 950s,China began to dredge and build up navigation waterways of Yangtze River Trunk Line step by step. Before the 9 Five—year Plan period,Chinese government attached greater importance to the systematic dredging of the navigation waterways of the upper reaches of Yangtze River and eliminated 1 23 shoals or rapids.as well as 1 1 5 sporadic impediments.Consequently,the navigation route capacity increased by 8 times,and the upper Yangtze River gradually emerged fr0m its primitive conditions The 1 990s witnessed rapid development of other transport modes,but inland river development did not receive an adequate attention,resulting in backward bedrock of inland river waterways and sho ̄age of investment. Squeezed by other modes of transport,the shipping on Yangtze River faced huge test. Meeting the golden opportunity Since the Ninth Five—year Plan period,the Jiepai Waterway Dredging Project opened the prologue to systematic dredging of Yangtze River navigation waterways.Especially, the completion of the phase III dredging engineering of deep。water navigation route at the Yangtze River Estuary in 2005 added a new chapter to modern navigation waterway construction characterized by“digitalization”. UPg rading of the navigation route P rovided an oppo rtunity fo r shipping development.The su rge of container volume ca rried th rough Yangtze River promoted the initial shaping of container transport pattern for foreign trade.By the end of 2008,there had been 91 6 container ships owned by the provinces or cities along Yangtze River totaling 944,377 TEU,500 of which operated on inland waterways,totaling 52.1 86 TEU with an average of 1 02.3 TEU per ship. In 201 0,CROSS—province cargo volume along Yangtze River Trunk Line reached 1.502 billion tons.while port throughput of Yangtze River Trunk Line exceeded 1.385 billion tons.In development of economy along Yangtze River,transportation of more than 80%of coa1.oil.steel ore,auto and other materials is guaranteed by shipping on Yangtze River.Nowadays,Yangtze River has become the world’s largest and busiest river in terms of cargo transport volume,and is radiating its exuberant vigour and vitality as a golden channe1.嫡 2011.5 CHINASHIP SURVEY中国船检
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