1. A contract cannot arise out of an illegal act.
违法行为不能构成合约。
2. A contract is established when the acceptance becomes effective.
承诺生效即合同成立。
3. A contract may be modified if the parties reach a consensus through consultation.
当事人协商一致即可以变更合同。
4. A person is not liable for debts contracted during his minority.
一个人无须对他在未成年时期的合同债务承担责任。
5. A transaction between two parties ought not to operate to the disadvantage of a third.
合约不约束第三人。
6. An acceptance once given cannot be revoked unless the offeror consents.
除非要约人同意，承诺一经做出即不得撤销。
7. An acceptance is a statement made by the offeree indicating assent to an offer.
承诺是受要约人同意要约的意思表示。
8. An offeror may withdraw an offer at any time before it has been accepted.
在要约被受要约人接受以前，要约人可以随时撤回要约。
9. Any amendment to this contract shall become effective only by a written agreement by Patry A and Party B.
对本合同的任何修改，只有经甲、乙双方签署书面协议后方能生效。
10. Any annex is the integral part of this contract.
本合同一切附件均为本合同的有效组成部分。
11. Any departure from the terms and conditions of the contract must be advised in writing.
任何与合同条款相背离的地方，都必须以书面形式通知。
12. Any failure by a party to carry out all or part of his obligations under the contract shall be considered as a substantial breach.
一方当事人不履行本合同的全部或部分义务应被视为是根本违约。
13. Any party has no right to terminate this contract without another party’s agreement.
未经另一方当事人同意，任何当事人均无权终止合同。
14. Any violation of deadlines contained in the contract will equate to breach of contract.
凡违反合同规定的任何期限都等同违约。
15. Contract law is initially concerned with determining what promises the law will enforce or recognize as creating legal rights.
合同法首先涉及确认哪些许诺可以作为创设的法律权利而由法律强制实施或承认。
16. Examples of void contracts are those entered into as a result of misrepresentation, duress or undue influence.
无效合同可以是因虚假陈述、强迫或不正当施压而签订的合同。
17. He is incompetent to sign the contract.
他没有签署合同的行为能力。
18. He reasonably believes that there will be a fundamental non-performance of the contract by the other party.
他有理由认为对方当事人根本不会履行此合同。
19. He signed a covenant against under letting the premises.
他签署了一个反对廉价出租屋的契约。
20. He was incapable of fulfilling the terms of the contract.
他没有能力履行合同条款。
21. If a contract becomes invalid, the validity of its independently existing clauses pertaining to the settlement of disputes shall not be affected.
合同无效并不影响合同中独立存在的有关解决争议方法的条款的效力。
22. If a minor ratifies a contract upon reaching the age of majority, he or she is then bound to it.
如未成年人在达到法定年龄时追认合同，他/她便应受合同之约束。
23. If any of the above-mentioned clauses is inconsistent with the following additional clauses, the latter is to be taken as authentic.
以上任何条款如与下列附加条款相抵触，以下列附加条款为准。
24. If there are provisions as otherwise stated in respect to contracts in other laws, such provisions shall be followed.
其他法律对合同另有规定，应依照这些规定。
25. If there is no acceptance, by definition there is no contract.
按照定义，没有承诺合同便不能成立。
26. In case of heavy losses, failure of a party to fulfill the obligations prescribed by the contract or force majeure, the contract may be terminated.
如发严重亏损，一方不履行合同规定的义务或不可抗力等，可提前终止合同。
27. Lawfully established contracts shall be protected by law.
依法成立的合同受法律保护。
28. Marine insurance contracts are indemnity contracts and require the parties to exercise the utmost good faith.
海上保险合同属于赔偿合同，要求双方当事人尽到最大善意的义务。
29. No changing or modification of this Agreement shall be valid unless the same is made in writing.
本协议之修改必须作成书面始生效力。
30. No consideration, no contract.
无对价不成立。
31. Other special terms will be listed bellow.
其他特别条款罗列如下。
32. Party A and B have reached an agreement through friendly consultation to conclude the following contract.
甲、乙双方，经友好协商一致，订立此合同。
33. Parties hereto may revise or supplement through negotiation matters not mentioned herein.
本合同如有未尽事宜，双方可协商修订或补充。
34. Payment will be held up until the contract has been signed.
付款将延期到合同签订。
35. Please amend your copy of the contract accordingly.
请将你的合同副本做相应地修正。
36. Promises resulting from either express or an implied agreement can be enforced.
明示协定或默示协定所产生的允诺都可具有强制力。
37. She did not abide by the terms of the agreement.
她没有遵守协议的条款。
38. The agreement is binding on all parties.
该协议对各方当事人都有约束力。
39. The agreement of the parties is subject to review and approval of the board of directors.
当事人的协议须经董事会的审查和批准。
40. The conditions of the contract are still to be determined.
合同条件还有待确定。
41. The contact has been engrossed ready for signature.
合同已正式写成等待签署。
42. The contract has to be signed in the presence of two witnesses.
该合同必须在有两个证人在场的情况下签署。
43. The contract was declared null and void.
合同被宣告无效。
44. The contract was annulled by the court.
合同被法院废止。
45. The express agreement of parties overcomes the law.
双方当事人的明示协议优先于法律。
46. The following documents shall be deemed to form and be read and construed as
an integral part of this contract.
下列文件应被当作、理解和解释为本合同的组成部分。
47. The issue of this action is the date of the contract.
本案争论点是合同的日期。
48. The parties may dissolve the contract upon consensus through consultation.
当事人协商一致，可以解除合同。
49. The parties shall, when making a contract, have corresponding capacity for civil rights and civil conduct.
当事人订立合同，应当具有相应的民事权利能力和民事行为能力。
50. The parties to a contract shall fully fulfill their obligations pursuant to the terms of the contract.
合同的双方当事人应当按照合同条款，充分地履行各自的义务。
51. The parties to the contract have equal legal status, and neither party may impose its will in the other.
合同双方当事人法律地位平等，一方不得将自己的意志强加给另一方。
52. The use of a prescribed contract form can reduce the uncertainty.
格式化合同的采用可以减少不确定性。
53. They took the unilateral decision to cancel the contract.
他们单方面决定撤消合同。
54. This Agreement and the schedules hereto constitute the entire agreement between the parties relating to the subject mater hereof.
本协议及其附件构成双方关于本协议标的之完整协议。
55. This contract is executed in three counterparts, all of which are considered as originals and of the same effect.
本合同一式三份，均应视为原件，具有同等效力。
56. This contract will be effective after being signed by both parties.
本合同一经双方签字后立即生效。
57. This offer will be lapsed automatically after the time limit.
这项要约在期限过后，便会自动失效。
58. We hereby revoke the agreement of May8,2004.
这项特此宣告2004年5月8日的协议无效。
59. What is left unmentioned in contract may be added there as an appendix.
本合同未尽事宜，可由双方增补作为合同附件。
60. You have to get the permission of all the signatories to the agreement if you want to change the terms.
如果要改动条款，你必须获得协议所有签署者的允许。
法律顾问合同协议书英 文版 文件编号TT-00-PPS-GGB-USP-UYY-0089
Beijing YingKe Law Firm CONTRACT ON RETAINING LEGAL COUNSEL Party A: Address: Telephone: Fax: Party B: Beijing YingKe Law Firm Address: 6th Floor, Tower C, Dacheng International Center, No. 76, East 4th Ring Middle Road, Chaoyang District，Beijing, 100124 Telephone: Fax: Party A would like to retain Party B as its legal counsel, according to " Law on Legal Counsel of the People's Republic of China" The two parties through consultation hereby agree upon, and shall be bound by, the following terms:
Article Ⅰ Party A will designate 【】, as the lawyer employed by B, to work as A's legal counsel. 【】 will provide legal assistance and protect A's interests vested by law. Article Ⅱ Party B’s scope of responsibility ⅰ.Answer questions on legal issues from Client and give opinions or any advice on such issues; ⅱ. Upon the client’s request, Party B shall participate in commercial negotiations, in which Client is a party, and be concerned with drafting, modification, reviewing and examination of the legal documents such as contracts and agreements or preparing legal documents that is needed in the negotiations; ⅲ. Provide economic and legal informa tion pertain to the business operation of the client; ⅳ. Represent the client in the litigation of criminal, civil, economic and administrative cases; offer strategic legal advice in litigation and arbitration as a legal advisor, preventing or negating legal risk；
第十五章国际商事合同违约、侵权条款的翻译 教学目标：掌握国际商事合同违约、侵权常用条款的翻译方法。 课堂讲练： 一、概述 在商事合同中规定违约、侵权条款（Clauses of Event of Default and Infringement），目的在于为合同方追究违约、侵权责任提供依据，该条款同时也和合同的解除、终止条款（Clauses of Rescission and Termination）以及赔偿条款（Clauses of Indemnification）结合，成为合同解除、终止以及做出赔偿的约定情形。 二、课堂讲练 例1、Any of the following events by any Party (the Breaching Party) shall be an event of default: (1). Breach any provision of this Contract; or (2). Breach any Provision of any other contracts and /or documents referred to in this Contract to which such Party serves as a party. 例2、If a Party commits material breach of this Contract or its representation and warranty under this Contract is not true or accurate, such breaching Party shall be deemed to have breached this Contract. It has thirty(30)days commencing from receipt of a notice from the innocent Party hereto describing such breach to correct the breach and shall be liable to the other Party for all losses caused by the breach even in the case that the innocent Party terminates this Contract according to Clause 17. 例3、如甲方根本违约，乙方或其权益继承人或其合同受让人有权终止本合同并要求获得损害赔偿。如乙方根本违约，甲方有权要求乙方在收到甲方要求其纠正违约行为的书面通知后30天内改正违约行为。如未予纠正，甲方有权解除本合同并要求获得损害赔偿。 例4、If any Party fails to fulfill its obligations hereunder or materially breaches any provisions hereof, without prejudice to any other rights and remedies available at any time to the non-breaching Party according to this Contract, the non-breaching Party shall have the right to either require the breaching Party by notice in writing to fulfill its obligations or redress its breach or rescind this Contract. 词汇辨析： （1）、”default” and “breach”. 在法律英语中，”default”，可做名词和动词，通常表示“（以不作为、不履行义务的方式）违法、违约。如：”违约不付款（be in default of the payment）“、”不履行债务“(be in default of obligations)”、“拖欠付款（to default on payment）。而“breach”，意义更为宽泛，指违反法律或约定的义务，可以以作为，也可以以不作为方式做出。搭配更为广泛，如：”breach of contract”, “anticipatory breach(预期违约)”, “fundamental breach(根本违约)”, “material breach”, ”breach of law”, “ breach of warranty”等。 例5、The Licensee shall inform immediately the Licensor in writing of any acts of infringement or suspected infringement or acts of unfair competition concerning the Licensed Trademarks and of any applications or registrations of confusing marks(引起混淆的商标) upon its awareness of such acts. The Licensor may, at its own discretion and expense, file a claim or otherwise stop such actual or suspected infringement in the name of both the Licensor and the Licensee or either of them, and the Licensee shall offer any reasonable assistance upon the Licensor’s reasonable requirement.
买方buyer 卖方seller 项目名称Project name 地址address 电话phone 传真fax 联系人contact person 详细货物清单Detail supply list 合同价格Contract value 付款条件payment conditions，payment terms 交货地点delivery place 发货期delivery time 安装条款installation clause 验收条款inspection clause 保证条款guarantee clause
不可抗拒条款Force Majeure Clause 违约条款Breach clause 其他条款Miscellaneous clause 买卖双方信息buyer and seller information a long-term contract 长期合同 a short-term contract 短期合同completion of contract 完成合同contract for future delivery 期货合同contract for goods 订货合同 contract for purchase 采购合同 contract for service 劳务合同 labor contract劳动合同 contract note 买卖合同（证书） contract of arbitration 仲裁合同
contract of carriage /Carriage Contract运输合同Passenger Carriage Contract 客运合同 Cargo Carriage Contract货运合同Technology Contract技术合同 Technology Development Contract技术开发合同Technology Transfer Contract技术转让合同Technical Consulting Contract技术咨询合同Technical Service Contract技术服务合同Safekeeping Contract 保管合同Warehousing Contract仓储合同 Agency Appointment Contract 委托合同Trading-Trust Contract 行纪合同 Brokerage Contract 居间合同 Multi-modal Carriage Contract多式联运合同contract of employment 雇佣合同 contract of insurance 保险合同 contract of sale 销售合同
一、问题的提出 甲和乙订立房屋买卖合同,甲以约定的价格将其房屋卖给乙。合同生效后,甲将房屋移交给乙居住使用,但并未办理房屋过户登记手续。某日下暴雨时雷电将房屋击毁,问此时房屋的毁损风险由谁承担? 《中华人民共和国合同法》(以下简称《合同法》)第142条规定:“标的物毁损、灭失的风险,在标的物交付之前由出卖人承担,交付之后由买受人承担,但法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。”有人据此认为,我国立法采取的是“交付主义”,甲将房屋移交给乙居住使用即为《合同法》第142条所说的“交付”,在房屋交付以后发生的毁损风险应由买受人乙承担。笔者认为如此下结论值得商榷,在这一问题上至少存在以下两个理论问题:第一,关于“交付”含义的理解;第二,《合同法》立法采取的是否“交付主义”。 二、《合同法》中“交付”的含义 (一)法律意义上的“交付” 民法理论向来都承认,“交付”可分为现实交付和拟制交付。现实交付是指出卖人将其标的物的事实管领权转移给买受人,使标的物处于买受人的实际控制之下,由买受人直接占有标的物。①现实交付一般是指具体的、可以转移实际占有的物品的交付。拟制交付,是指出卖人将标的物的权利转移给买受人,以替代对实物的交付。拟制交付又分为简易交付、指示交付和占有改定。其中,简易交付是指在买卖合同订立前买受人已经实际占有标的物时,则合同一经成立即视为交付完成,此前买受人虽然占有标的物,但不享有所有权,合同成立时转移的只是所有权;指示交付是指在标的物由第三人占有的情况下,出卖人将要求第三人返还标的物的请求权让与买受人,以此代替标的物的实际交付,这种返还请求权正是标的物所有权的体现;占有改定 是指买卖合同约定,买受人取得标的物的所有权,但标的物在约定的期间仍由出卖人占有,此种交付中虽不转移占有,仅转移所有权,但仍能完成交付。可见,在上述三种拟制交付方式中,转移的权利就是标的物的所有权,所谓拟制交付,就是仅转移标的物所有权的交付方式。既然在法律上拟制交付是用来替代现实交付的,那么在法律效果上应该是等同的。因此“交付”的法律含义就应该包括“转移所有权”的内容,不能将“交付”仅仅理解为“转移占有”。从某种意义上讲,“转移所有权”对于交付的意义会更大于“转移占有”,因为仅“转移所有权”而不“转移占有”可以完成交付,但如果仅“转移占有”而不“转移所有权”,出卖人的交付义务就没有履行完毕,买受人对标的物的占有始终只是他主占有,没有达到买卖合同的目的。有学者就认为:“买卖之交付别样于借用、租赁,就在于买卖之交付是所有权的交付。”②《合同法》第133条规定:“标的物的所有权自标的物交付时转移,但法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。”本条中的“交付”,不能仅从字面上理解为“转移占有”,还应该包括“转移所有权”的含义。 一般动产(指无需进行所有权登记的动产)所有权公示方式就是占有,如果没有特别的约定,交付、所有权转移和占有转移是三位一体的。但对于不动产和大多数特殊动产(指需要进行所有权登记的动产)而言,由于我国实行的是“登记要件主义”,要发生所有权转移的效力,必须办理所有权的变更登记手续,因此在交付的过程中,仅转移标的物的占有并不能完成交付。《合同法(试拟稿)》第168条第5项规定:“需要办理法定手续的,以办完规定手续的时间为交付的时间。”此后的《合同法(征求意见稿)》第94条第4项也做出了相同的规定,但在征求意见的过程中有人提出,由于我国《船舶登记条例》第5条采取的是“登记对抗主义”,此外,我国《民用航空法》对航空器采取的也是“登记对抗主义”,仅转移占有就足以转移所有权,完成交付,只是不能对抗第三人而已,为了保持法律体系的一致性,建议删除这一规定。该建议在最后表决通过的《合同法》中被采纳。③上述立法资料显示,《合同法》第133条中所谓的“法律另有规定”是指对船舶和民用航空器的规定,而有的学者认为是指所有需办理变更登记手续方能转移所有权的不动产和特殊动产,④这种理解值得商榷。 动产和不动产是对合同标的物的基本划分,由于其物理特性和法律特征的不同,在交易中分别适用不同的规则,但在没有区分的场合,就适用同一规则。《合同法》在动产和不动产适用不同交易规则时是做了明确区分的,如《合同法》第63条第3项的规定,但是,在《合同法》第133条中,法律并未区分动产和不动产,可见二者应该适用同一规则,即交付、所有权转移和占有转移是三位一体的,不动产的交付必须转移所有
My Vocabulary Briefing in Legal English 同一词语普通用语与法律用语意义不同的对比 同一意义正式与非正式的表达 一词多义: Advise 释义：advise在法律英语中有两个常用意思： ①律师等法律工作者提供法律建议，如 The partner of the law firm advised the Manager on various specialist legal issues。 该律师事务所的合伙人就各种专业法律问题向经理提出了法律建议。 ②通知，相当于notify或inform，如 The use of advise in the sense of “inform, notify,” was restricted to business correspondence and legal contexts. Thus one may say the suspects were advised of their rig hts, but it would be considered pretentious to say you’d better advise your friends that the date of the picnic has been changed。 advise 表示“通知，告知”的这种用法局限地用于商业往来及法律情况。因此可以说嫌疑犯被告知他们所具有的权利，但是你最好通知你的朋友，野餐的日期有所改变，这种说法被认为是做作的。 Deposit 释义：deposit在法律英语中通常最常用的意思有两个： ①存款，这是他在普通英语和法律英语都很常见的意思，既可作名词也可作动词，如 He has a deposit of 10,000yuan in ICBC。他在工商银行有1万元的存款。
法律英语：英语合同特点 （一）Contract 与 Agreement的区别 在英语中，合同一般称为Contract，协议一般称为Agreement. 1.何谓"contract"？ 1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为： A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations".根据这个定义，合同是平 等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 Steven H.Gifts编著的"Law Dictionary"中将contract 定义为"contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty."根据这个定义，合同是 一种承诺，违反承诺能够得到法律救助，某种意义上法律将履行该承 诺看做是一种补偿。 L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典"A Dictionary of Law"给contract 的定义："Contract is a legally binding agreement"根据这个定义，合同就是有法律约束力的协议。 综合起来，有一个相同点，就是"Contract is an agreement"， 即可将合同说成是"An agreement which binds the parties concerned"或者说合同说成是"An agreement which is enforceable by law"，也能够说：Contracts are promises that the law will enforce. 2.何谓"Agreement"？
法律英语：借贷合同范本 Address： In accordance with provisions of Contract Law of the Peoples Republic of China and Bank of China，after reviewing the status and the request of the Borrower，the Lender agrees to grant the Borrower a line of credit on . The Borrower，Lender and Guarantor，through friendly negotiation，have executed this Contract as follows： ARTICLE 1 CURRENCY，AMOUNT AND TERM OF THE LOAN： 1. The Currency under this loan is Reiminbi. 2. The Line of the loan is yuan. 3. The period of this loan is 12 months from the date of effectiveness of this contract.
ARTICLE 2 THE PURPOSE OF THE LOAN： 1. The purpose of this loan is used for working capital turnover. 2. Without written approval of the Lender，the Borrower could not use the loan out of the scope of the purpose. ARTICLE 3 INTEREST RATE AND CALCULATION OF INTEREST： 1. Interest rate：The interest rate shall be [***] During the loan term，if the countrys related authority adjusted the interest rate or the manner of calculation of interest，the interest of this contract shall be adjusted accordingly after one year from the date of execution of this contract. The adjustment shall be conducted when the interest rate are executed one year.It is not obliged to inform the Borrower when the adjustment of interest. 2. The interest shall be calculated from the date of first drawdown and the actual days the borrower use. One year shall be calculated as 360 days.
最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！ 洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：http://biz.doczj.com/doc/f619161483.html,/（报名网址） 合同法律英语词汇 下面为大家带来一些合同法律英语词汇和句型，从事法律文本工作的童鞋可要格外注意了！ This contract is made in two originals that should be held by each party. 此合同一式二份，由双方各持一正本。 What is left unmentioned in contract may be added there as an appendix. 本合同未尽事宜，可由双方增补作为合同附件。 The Contract is written in quadruplicate (two for original and copy respectively) which shall become valid on the date of signature. 本合同一式四份（正副本各两份）自签署后生效 This Contract is executed in two counterparts each in Chinese and English, each of which shall be deemed equally authentic. This contract is in 2 copies effective since being signed/sealed by both parties. 本合同为中英文两种文本，两种文本具有同等效力。本合同一式两份。自双方签字（盖章）之日起生效。 This contract is made by and between the buyers and sellers，whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned. Commodities according 洛基英语是中国英语培训市场上的一朵奇葩，是全球已被验证的东方人英语学习的最佳模式。洛基英
英文合同常用词、短语和句型 1.订立、变更合同 动词 Make a contract / Enter into / form / create / conclude / execute /covenant 名词 the making of / the conclusion of a contract / the entry into contract / the formation of / the creation of / the conclusion of / the execution of a contract / covenant This agreement/contract is made and entered into 8th of August, 2008 by and between Party A and Party B. 2.合同的终止、解除、撤销 terminate a contract 通常指合同在约定期满前终止履行，可双方同意而作出，也指一方因另一方违约而行使的一种救济权。美国“终止”指合同各方未违反合同约定而依法终止合同。 cancel a contact 因另一方违约而解除合同，其效力基本等同于terminate，不同是撤销方仍有权对整个合同或中未履行部分主张救济。 discharge a contract 合同当事人的合同关系已终止。 rescind a contract 免除当事人之间的合同义务，将当事人各自地位恢复到合同订立之前状态。 revoke a contract 即以取消或撤回的方式废止或宣布无效。出于行为人的意愿，即主动发出的行为。
中国合同法英文版 CONTRACT LA W OF P. R. CHINA Adopted and Promulgated by the Second Session of the Ninth National People‘s Congress on March 15, 1999. Translated & Compiled by John Jiang & Henry Liu GENERAL PRINCIPLES Chapter One: General Provisions Article 1 Purpose This Law is formulated in order to protect the lawful rights and interests of contract parties, to safeguard social and economic order, and to promote socialist modernization. Article 2 Definition of Contract; Exclusions For purposes of this Law, a contract is an agreement between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations with equal standing, for the purpose of establishing, altering, or discharging a relationship of civil rights and obligations. An agreement concerning any personal relationship such as marriage, adoption, guardianship, etc. shall be governed by other applicable laws. Article 3 Equal Standing of Parties Contract parties enjoy equal legal standing and neither party may impose its will on the other party. Article 4 Right to Enter into Contract Voluntarily A party is entitled to enter into a contract voluntarily under the law, and no entity or individual may unlawfully interfere with such right. Article 5 Fairness The parties shall abide by the principle of fairness in prescribing their respective rights and obligations. Article 6 Good Faith The parties shall abide by the principle of good faith in exercising their rights and performing their obligations. Article 7 Legality In concluding or performing a contract, the parties shall abide by the relevant laws and administrative regulations, as well as observe social ethics, and may not disrupt social and economic order or harm the public interests.
我国买卖合同中的“交付”与“风险转移”(一) 【内容提要】对于我国买卖合同中的“交付”一词，立法界和学界都在两种意义上使用。法律意义上的“交付”本身包括“转移所有权”的内容，而字面意义上的“交付”仅指“转移占有”，上述混乱导致对合同标的物风险转移问题的理解和适用上存在分歧。所谓“所有权主义”与“交付主义”的截然划分是断章取义的结果，而且“交付主义”的理论基础也值得怀疑，我国采取的是“所有权人负担标的物风险”的立法原则。 【摘要题】法学与实践 【关键词】买卖合同/转…… 一、问题的提出 甲和乙订立房屋买卖合同，甲以约定的价格将其房屋卖给乙。合同生效后，甲将房屋移交给乙居住使用，但并未办理房屋过户登记手续。某日下暴雨时雷电将房屋击毁，问此时房屋的毁损风险由谁承担? 《中华人民共和国合同法》(以下简称《合同法》)第142条规定：“标的物毁损、灭失的风险，在标的物交付之前由出卖人承担，交付之后由买受人承担，但法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。”有人据此认为，我国立法采取的是“交付主义”，甲将房屋移交给乙居住使用即为《合同法》第142条所说的“交付”，在房屋交付以后发生的毁损风险应由买受人乙承担。笔者认为如此下结论值得商榷，在这一问题上至少存在以下两个理论问题：第一，关于“交付”含义的理解；第二，《合同法》立法采取的是否“交付主义”。
二、《合同法》中“交付”的含义 (一)法律意义上的“交付” 民法理论向来都承认，“交付”可分为现实交付和拟制交付。现实交付是指出卖人将其标的物的事实管领权转移给买受人，使标的物处于买受人的实际控制之下，由买受人直接占有标的物。(注：参见江平主编：《中华人民共和国合同法精解》，中国政法大学出版社1999年版，第114页。)现实交付一般是指具体的、可以转移实际占有的物品的交付。拟制交付，是指出卖人将标的物的权利转移给买受人，以替代对实物的交付。拟制交付又分为简易交付、指示交付和占有改定。其中，简易交付是指在买卖合同订立前买受人已经实际占有标的物时，则合同一经成立即视为交付完成，此前买受人虽然占有标的物，但不享有所有权，合同成立时转移的只是所有权；指示交付是指在标的物由第三人占有的情况下，出卖人将要求第三人返还标的物的请求权让与买受人，以此代替标的物的实际交付，这种返还请求权正是标的物所有权的体现；占有改定是指买卖合同约定，买受人取得标的物的所有权，但标的物在约定的期间仍由出卖人占有，此种交付中虽不转移占有，仅转移所有权，但仍能完成交付。可见，在上述三种拟制交付方式中，转移的权利就是标的物的所有权，所谓拟制交付，就是仅转移标的物所有权的交付方式。既然在法律上拟制交付是用来替代现实交付的，那么在法律效果上应该是等同的。因此“交付”的法律含义就应该包括“转移所有权”的内容，不能将“交付”仅仅理解为“转移占有”。从某种意
英文版合同协议 英文版合同协议. 项目出资人(以下简称甲方)和项目技术负责人(以下简称乙方) 甲：，身份证号：，籍贯 乙：，身份证号：，籍贯 甲乙双方本着公平、平等、互利的原则订立合作协议如下 第一条甲乙双方自愿合作经营塑胶和金属油漆项目，总投资为20万元，甲方以人民币方式出资15万元， 乙方以人民币出资5万元及技术和客户资源。 第二条本合伙依法组成合伙企业，在合伙期间合伙人出资的为共有财产，不得随意分割。 合伙终至后， 各合伙人的出资仍为个人所有，届时予以返还。 第三条本合伙企业经营期限为三年。 如果需要延长期限的，在期满前六个月办理有关 手续。 第四条双方共同经营，合伙人执行合伙事务所产生的收益归全体合伙人，所产生的亏损或者民事责任由 全体合伙人。 第五条企业固定资产和盈余按照取得的销售净利润的甲方60%、乙方40%的比例分配。
第六条企业债务按照甲方60%、乙方40%比例负担。 任何一方对外偿还债务后，另一方应当按比例在十 日内向对方清偿自己负担的部分。 第七条每年项目产品总销售利润的百分之十进行固定投入。 销售利润分红，一年结算 第八条本协议未尽事宜，双方可以补充规定，补充协议与本协议有同等效力。 第九条本协议一式贰份，合伙人各一份。 本协议自合伙人签(或盖章)之日起生效。 第十条自协议签订之日起，乙方需要负责技术和市场开发及售后跟进，甲方负责管理及日常事务。 第十一条本协议有效期暂定三年，自双方代表(乙方为本人)签之日起计算，即从__ __年_ _月__ 日至_ ___年_ _月_ _日止。 第十二条争议处理 1、对于执行本合同发生的与本合同有关的争议应本着友好协商的原则解决; 2、如果双方通过协商不能达成一致，则提交仲裁委员会进行仲裁，或依法向人民法院起诉; 第十三条本协议到期后，双方均未提出终止协议要求的，视作均同意继续合作，本协议继续有效， 如果不再继续合作的，退出方应提前三个月向另一方提交退出的书面文本，并将己方的有关本合同项目的资料及客户资源都应交给另
法律英语】英语合同大全 合同条款常用英文词汇 买方buyer 卖方seller 项目名称Project name 地址address 电话phone 传真fax 联系人con tact pers on 本合同由买卖双方签订，根据本合同条款，买方同意购买，卖方同意出售以下产品。 This con tract is madeby and betwee n the buyers and sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the un der-me nti on ed. Commodities accord ing to the terms and con diti ons stipulated below. 1. 详细货物清单Detail supply list 2. 合同价格Con tract value 序号item 型号model 尺寸size, dimension 数量amount, unit 单价unit price 总价total price 备注remark 货物，运费freight, tran sportatio n 合同总额（含安装费与税金） Con tract amou nt in cl. VAT in stallati on 3. 付款条件payment conditions, payment terms
4. 交货地点delivery place 5. 发货期delivery time 6. 安装条款installation clause
编号：_______________ 本资料为word版本，可以直接编辑和打 印，感谢您的下载 合同法词汇大全------法律英语 甲方：___________________ 乙方：___________________ 日期：___________________
卖方seller 项目名称Project name 地址address 电话phone 传真fax 联系人contact person 详细货物活单Detail supply list 合同价格Contract value 付款条件payment conditions , payment terms 交货地点delivery place 发货期delivery time
安装条款installation clause 验收条款inspection clause 保证条款guarantee clause 不可抗拒条款Force Majeure Clause 违约条款Breach clause 其他条款Miscellaneous clause 买卖双方信息buyer and seller information a long-term contract 长期合同 a short-term contract 短期合同 completion of contract 完成合同 contract for future delivery 期货合同 contract for goods 订货合同 contract for purchase 采购合同 contract for service 劳务合同
常见的合同通用条款 GENERAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT DATED日期 CONTRACT NAME合同名称 by and between合同双方 PARTY A NAME PARTY A甲方名称 and与 PARTY B NAME PARTY B乙方名称 TABLE OF CONTENT PRELIMINARY STATEMENT前言 1. DEFINITIONS定义 2. [OPERATIVE CLAUSES] 具体操作条款 3. CONDITIONS PRECEDENT如有必要，根据交易具体情况设定相应先决条件 4. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES 陈述和担保［保证］ 5. TERM合同期限 6. TERMINATION合同终止 7. CONFIDENTIALITY保密义务 8. BREACH OF CONTRACT违约 9. FORCE MAJEURE不可抗力 10. SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES争议的解决 11. APPLICABLE LAW 适用法律 12. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS其他规定 THIS CONTRACT(“Contract”)is made in *city and province+, China on this day of ,200 by and between [Party A name],[Party A entity form] established and existing under the laws of China, with its legal address at [address] (hereinafter referred to as “Party A”), and *Party B name+, [Party B entity form] organized and existing under the laws of [Party Bjurisdiction of incoporation] with its legal address at *address+ (hereinafter referred to as “Party B”). Party A and Party B shall hereinafter be referr ed to individually as a “Party ” and collectively as the “Parties”. 本合同于年月日由以下两方在［地点］签订： ［甲方名称］，一家根据中华人民共和国法律组建及存续的［甲方组织形式］，法定地址为［甲方法定地址］（以下简称“甲方”）： ［乙方名称］，一家根据［乙方所在国］法律组建及存续的［乙方组织形式］，法定地址为［乙方法定地址］（以下简称“乙方”）。 甲乙双方以下单独称为“一方”，合称为“双方”。 PRELIMINARY STATEMENT 前言