1. The pharyngeal cavity lungs windpipe pharynx (声门) glottis vocal cords: voicing / voiceless epiglottis (会厌)
2. The oral cavity Lips (labia唇) Teeth (dentes齿) Tooth-ridge (alveoli齿龈) Hard palate ( 硬腭) Soft palate (velum软腭) Uvula （小舌) Tip of tongue （舌尖） Blade of tongue (舌面) Front of tongue (舌前部) Back of tongue (舌后部) Tongue root (舌根) The most flexible part here in this cavity is the tongue, which is responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other. So, there is no surprise that the word “language’ itself derives from the Latin word “lingua”, meaning the “tongue”.
LECTURE TWO PHONOLOGY
Su Zhanghai
2.1 The phonic medium of language
Speech is prior to writing for several reasons Phonic medium of language and speech sounds The limited-numbered sounds produced by humans through their speech organs which are meaningful in human communication constitute the Phonic Medium of Language; and the individual sounds within this range are the Speech Soe used to record the sound waves for specific research.
2.2.2 Organs of Speech The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity (the throat), the oral cavity (the mouth) and the nasal cavity (the nose).
1.
Classification of English consonants: Two ways: 1) In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into the following types Stops/Plosives (闭塞／爆破）6 Fricatives (摩擦音）9 Affricates (塞擦音) 2 Laterals / liquids (侧音/ 边[通]音/ 流音) 2 Approximants/ glides/ semivowels (近音/ [中]通音/ 滑 音/ 半元音) 2 Nasals (鼻音) 3

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Stops 6 VL VD Fricatives 9 VL VD Affricates 2 VL VD
Bilab ial 4
Libiodental 2
Dental
2
Alveol ar 7
Palata Velar l 5 3
Glota l 1
p b f v θ X
t d s z

Auditory phonetics: looks at the sounds from the hearer’s point of view, i.e., how the sounds are perceived by the hearer. Acoustic phonetics: studies the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.
3. Broad transcription: The transcription of speech sounds which uses ordinary symbols (letter-symbols only). 4. Narrow transcription: The transcription of speech sounds using more specific symbols (letter-symbols together with diacritics).
k g d h
Nasals 3
Liquids 2 Glides 2
VD
VD VD
m
w
n l, r
j

2. Classification of English vowels criteria (parameters) of vowel description: (monophthongs) ① the position of highest part of the tongue front, central, back ②the height of tongue raising * high, middle, low ③ the openness of the mouth close, semi-close, semi-open, open ④ the shape of the lips (the degree of lip-rounding ) rounded, unrounded
2. diacritics: when some sounds differ each other only in very subtle ways, or in some detailed aspects, the phoneticians invented another set of symbols which are added to the letter symbols to indicate the finer distinctions between them. This set of symbols are referred to as diacritics.
Also in the speech sounds of Japanese, it is very common to notice the distinction between aspirated and unaspirated.
2.2.4 Classification of English speech sounds Two broad categories: Consonants (辅音） Obstruction of air flow E.g. [b], [k], [d], … [+voiced][-voiced] Vowels （元音） No air obstruction E.g. [i:] [e] [au], …
3. The nasal cavity
2.2.3 Orthographic representations of speech sounds: broad and narrow transcriptions Five conceptions to remember : IPA/ Diacritics/ Broad transcription/ Narrow transcription/ aspirated vs unaspirated 1. IPA: a standardized and internationally accepted phonetic system used to transcribe speech sounds devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 and underwent several revisions after then, the basic principle of which is to use one letter selected from one major European language to represent one speech sound.
Example: help Broad transcription: [help] Narrow transcription: [hełph] Commonly used diacritics: 。. ~
5. aspirated vs unaspirated A sound may have many variations Example : [p] in peak, pit, etc., the sound [p] is produced with a strong puff of air, so it is aspirated [ph] [p] in speak, spit, etc., the air is withheld to some extent when the sound [p] is produced, so it is referred to as unaspirated [p=] or simply [p]
A sound may have many variations Example 1: [p] in peak is aspirated [ph] [p] in speak is unaspirated [p=] or simply [p] Example 2: [l] in lead is clear [l] [l] in deal is dark [ł] Symbols for such more specific sounds are called diacritics (变音符)