英语常用同义词近义词、短语辨析1.idea, concept, conception, thought, notion, impression 这些名词均有“思想、观点、观念”之意。
idea: 最普通常用词,几乎适用于任何方面的思维活动。
concept: 指从众多实例中通过概括、归纳而形成的对事物本质、全貌及其内部联系的概念或看法。
如:A small baby has no concept of right and wrong.婴儿没有是非概念.It was Aristotle who proved the world is round. Plato popularized the concept.亚里士多德证明了地球是圆的,柏拉图普及了这一概念。
conception: (概念、观念、思想)通常指个人或一些人所持有的具体概念或念头,也可指概念的形成过程,含一定的想象和感情色彩意味。
如:He’s got a really strange conception of friendship. 他对友谊有一种非常独特的见解。
ancient Greek thought古希腊思想;lost/deep in thought陷入思索中/在沉思中,如:Derek was staring out of the window, lost in thought. Derek凝视着窗外,陷入了沉思。
thought: 指以推理、思考等智力活动为基础的心理思维活动及其结果。
如:Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiao-ping Theory,“三个代表”之英文表达法——摘自CNN'THE THREE REPRESENTS' Theory first raised by President Jiang Zemin in early 2000.Communist party must:1 - Represent most advanced productive forces, including private business. 代表中国先进社会生产力的发展要求2 - Represent the most advanced culture. 代表中国先进文化的前进方向3 - Represent fundamental interests of the broad masses (i.e. not merely a "revolutionary party" but one that stands for all Chinese.) 代表中国最广大人民的根本利益notion: 尤指错误或模糊的概念、想法;无可靠的基础,未经深思熟虑的观点。
misguided notions of male superiority男尊女卑的错误观点,突然的念头,奇想notion to do sthAt midnight she had a sudden to go to the beach.半夜里她突发奇想要去海滩。
impression: 指外部刺激在思想中所产生的印象。
尤指(对人、事的)印象;感想,常接of, 如:What’s your impression of Frank as a boss? 你对身为老板的Frank印象如何?Now I have a very different impression of England. 如今我对England的印象大不相同了。
first impression 第一印象;make an impression (on)留下好印象,如:It was their first meeting, and Richard was determined to make an impression.这是他们第一次见面,理查德决心给人留下好印象。
2.identify, recognize, make out这些动词均含“认出,识别”之意。
identify: (认出某人或某物,识别)指辨别、确定人的身份或物品的归属等。
如:The aircraft were identified as American. 那些飞机被认出是美国的。
recognize: 指所辨认的人或物多是以前所熟悉的。
如:You shouldn’t go yourself. You’ll be recognized. 你不应该亲自去,你会被人认出来的。
make out: 通常指通过人的感觉器官来辨别事物。
意思是(勉强)听出;看出,辨认出如: I can scarcely make out his writing. 我几乎辨认不出他的笔迹。
We couldn’t make out what they were talking about. 我们听不清楚他们在谈论什么。
3.idle, lazy这两个形容词均有“闲散,懒惰”之意。
idle: 通常指不忙,无事可干,一般不含应责备之意。
如:We couldn’t leave this expensive machinery lying idle.我们不能让这套昂贵的机械闲置着。
The whole team stood idle, waiting for the mechanic.整队人干站着等技工来。
lazy: 指好逸恶劳,贪闲偷懒,或不愿学习或工作等,常含应受责备之意。
the laziest boy in the class班上最懒的男孩;a lazy Sunday 令人懒洋洋的星期日I was feeling lazy so I called a taxi. 我懒得走,所以叫了出租车。
4.if, whether一、相同之处。
1.whether和if都能引导宾语从句,常置于see, ask, learn, tell, wonder, doubt, find out等动词之后。
如:He asked me whether/if I could help him. I want to know whether/if he lives there.2.whether和if都可用在it作形式主语从句中。
如:I t’s uncertain whether/if he’ll come this evening.3.在be uncertain/doubtful(不能确信,不确知某事/对。
感到怀疑)之后,常用whether引导宾语从句,有时也可以用if,如: We are uncertain whether/if Mary will come.一、引导宾语从句,一般既可用whether也可用if。
但1 or not放在whether之后时,只能用whether不用if。
I don’t know whether or not he will come. 我不知道他是不是回来。
注1:如果or not放在whether所引导的从句句尾,则可以用if来替换。
I don’t know whether/if he will come or not.我不知道他是不是回来。
2 在强调任意选择时,用whether…or,此时不用if替换whether。
He asked me whether I wanted to go there by train or by bus.他问我是想乘火车还是坐公共汽车去那里。
注:whether和or一起还有“不管”之意,引导让步状语从句。
Whether he drives or takes the train, he will be here on time.不管开车来还是乘火车来,他都会准时到。
3 虽引导宾语从句,但为了强调宾语部分,也可把从句放在句首,此时只用whether不用if。
Whether he will come I am not sure.他是不是来我拿不准。
4 从句作介词宾语时只用whether不用if。
It depends on whether it will be fine.那得看是不是晴天。
Success depends on whether we make enough effort.5 作discuss等动词的宾语时,用whether不用if。
We discussed whether we should close the shop.我们讨论是不是该关掉商店。
6 句子中有if引导的条件句,如再有表示“是否”的宾语从句,用whether不用if。
He asked me whether I’d move to New York if I got the job.他问我如果我得到那份工作是否会搬家到纽约。
7 容易产生歧义时用whether不用if来表示“是否”。
Please let me know if you need help. 如果你需要帮助请告诉我。
或:请告诉我你是否需要帮助。
对比:Please let me know if you need help.请告诉我你是否需要帮助。
8 如果宾语从句为否定句时,则只用if不用whether。
I don’t know if it won't rain tomorrow..我不知道明天是不是会下雨。
He asked me if I hadn’t finished my work.二、在引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时一般用whether不用if。
如:⑴Whether it is true remains a question.(主语从句)那是不是真的还是个问题。
如: ___the 2000 Olympic Games will be in Beijing is not known yet. A.whether B.If C.Whether D.That 答案是C。
⑵The question is whether it is true.(表语从句)问题是是不是真的。
The question is whether it is not worth doing.⑶We have a doubt whether it is true.(同位语从句) 我们怀疑那是不是真的。
The question whether the students answered correctly should be decided by the teacher.注:whether引导主语从句放在主句之后时可用if来代替。
It is unclear whether/if he likes the present.他是不是喜欢那个礼物还不清楚。